Demographics of Exoplanetary Systems: Lecture Notes of the 3rd Advanced School on Exoplanetary Science

Description

This book provides a detailed, state-of-the-art overview of key observational and theoretical aspects of the rapidly developing and highly interdisciplinary field of exoplanet science, as viewed through the lenses of eight world-class experts. It equips readers with a broad understanding of the complex processes driving the formation and the physical and dynamical evolution of planetary systems. It juxtaposes theoretical modeling with the host of techniques that are unveiling the exceptional variety of observed properties of close-in and wide-separation extrasolar planets. By effectively linking ingenious interpretative analyses to the main factors shaping planetary populations, the book ultimately provides the most coherent picture to date of the demographics of exoplanetary systems. It is an essential reference for Ph.D. students and early-stage career researchers, while the scope and depth of its source material also provide excellent cues for graduate-level courses. Acknowledgements Contents Contributors Part I Planet Formation 1 Planet Formation: Key Mechanisms and Global Models 1.1 Observational Constraints on Planet Formation Models 1.2 Key Processes in Planet Formation 1.2.1 Protoplanetary Disks: Structure and Evolution 1.2.2 Planetesimal Formation 1.2.3 Accretion of Protoplanets 1.2.4 Orbital Migration of Planets 1.2.5 Gas Accretion and Giant Planet Migration 1.2.6 Resonance Trapping During Planet Migration 1.3 Global Models of Planet Formation 1.3.1 Origin of Close-in Super-Earths 1.3.2 Giant Exoplanets: Formation and Dynamics 1.3.3 Solar System Formation 1.3.4 Origin of Water on Earth and Rocky Exoplanets 1.4 The Future of Planet Formation Studies References Part II Star-Planet Interactions 2 The Role of Interactions Between Stars and Their Planets 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Tides 2.2.1 A Simple Description of Tides 2.2.2 A More Detailed Theory of Tides 2.3 Tides and the Evolution of Exoplanets 2.3.1 Resonant Chains and Tides 2.3.2 Tides and the Formation of Hot-Jupiters 2.3.3 Constraints on Tidal Quality Factors from Exoplanet Demography 2.3.4 Rotation of Planet-Hosting Stars 2.3.5 Tides in Telluric Planets 2.4 Planet Evaporation and High-Energy Stellar Radiation 2.4.1 Evaporation of Planetary Atmospheres: A Simplified Model 2.4.2 Stellar Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Radiation 2.4.3 Signatures of Planetary Evaporation 2.4.4 Consequences of Stellar Irradiation and Planet Evaporation for Planet Demography 2.5 Star-Planet Magnetic Interactions 2.5.1 Stellar Winds and Magnetic Perturbations by Close-By Planets 2.5.2 Stellar Coronal Magnetic Fields 2.5.3 Interactions Between the Stellar Coronal Fields and a Close-By Planet 2.5.4 Statistical Analyses of Star-Planet Interactions and Some Intriguing Cases References Part III Close-In Exoplanets 3 The Demographics of Close-In Planets 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radial Velocity and Transit Measurement Techniques 3.2.1 Radial Velocities 3.2.2 Transits 3.3 Mass, Size, and Period Distributions 3.3.1 Doppler Surveys 3.3.2 Transit Surveys 3.4 Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes 3.4.1 Key Questions 3.4.2 Precise Radius Demographics 3.4.3 Structural Properties of Small Planets 3.5 Planet Multiplicity 3.5.1 Multi-planet Systems from Doppler Surveys 3.5.2 Architecture of Kepler `Multis': Global Patterns 3.5.3 Architecture of Kepler `Multis': Planet-to-Planet Patterns 3.6 Eccentricity and Obliquity 3.6.1 Eccentricities of Giant Planets 3.6.2 Eccentricities of Super Earths and Sub-Neptunes 3.6.3 Measuring the Orbital Obliquity 3.6.4 Obliquity of Transiting Planetary Systems 3.7 Ultra-Short Period Planets 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 The Case of Kepler-78b and the USP Planets 3.7.3 The 1-Day Cutoff and Planet Occurrence 3.7.4 Host Star Iron Abundance and Planet Formation 3.7.5 Composition of Hot Earths 3.7.6 Formation and Early Evolution of USP Planets 3.7.7 Brief Summary on USP Planets References Part IV Wide-Orbit Exoplanets 4 The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets 4.1 Introduction: The Demographics of Exoplanets 4.2 Mathematical Formalism 4.3 Pitfalls to Measuring Exoplanet Demographics in Practice 4.4 Methods of Detecting Exoplanets: Inherent Sensitivities and Biases 4.4.1 A Note About Stars 4.4.2 A General Framework for Characterizing Detectability 4.4.3 Radial Velocity 4.4.4 Transits 4.4.5 Microlensing 4.4.6 Direct Imaging 4.4.7 Astrometry 4.4.8 Summary of the Sensitivities of Exoplanet Detection Methods 4.5 The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets 4.5.1 Results from Radial Velocity Surveys 4.5.2 Results from Transit Surveys 4.5.3 Results from Direct Imaging Surveys 4.5.4 Results from Microlensing Surveys 4.5.5 Synthesizing Wide-Separation Exoplanet Demographics 4.6 Comparisons Between Theory and Observations 4.7 Future Prospects for Completing the Census of Exoplanets 4.8 Conclusion References