India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77

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Cover Half-title Title Copyright Dedication Contents List of Tables Abbreviations Glossary Preface Introduction The Consequences of Ahmedabad and Allahabad Making Sense of the Emergency Part I: The Varieties of Authoritarianism: What Kind of Regime Was the Emergency? 1. A Constitutional Dictatorship Disciplining Democracy A Decimated Opposition: Imprisonment and Torture The Media: Prior Restraint and Propaganda 2. The Political Economy of the Emergency: Looking for an Ideology The Twenty-Point Programme and its Contradictions What Land Reform? In the Name of the Poor Dirigiste Corporatism 3. Subverting Institutions: Remnants of Democracy The Façade of Parliamentarism What Rule of Law? The Decline of the Judiciary and the Makingof a Police State Nepotism, Arbitrariness, and State Capture 4. An Era of Sultans: Sanjay’s Emergency The Making of a Parallel Power Structure Family Planning and Gentrification; or, Sterilisations and Deportations From Family Planning to Man-Hunt Bulldozing the Poor 5. The Uneven Geography of Tyranny Another North–South Divide The Hindi Epicentre Gujarat and Tamil Nadu: The Holdout States The Southern Satrapies Hold Their Own Conclusion to Part I Part II: Causes and Beyond: What Made the Emergency “Necessary” and Possible? 6. Immediate Causes: The JP Movement and the Allahabad Judgmentin Perspective The JP Movement: A Symptom of Larger Threats Gujarat: The Crucible of Protest Bihar Takes Over: The Rise of JP The Sangh Parivar: The Subtext of the JP Movement? A National Movement The Political Economy of the JP Movement The Social Crisis of the 1970s The Limits of Promissory Politics Indira Gandhi’s War on the Judiciary and the Judges’ Response 7. Mrs Gandhi’s Personalisation of Power, 1966–1975 Indira Gandhi: Predisposed to Tyranny or Working Towards Survival? Facets of an Authoritarian Personality The Uncertain Making of a Dynast Born to Rule The Deinstitutionalisation of the Congress and the Centralisation of Power The Consequences of 1967 The Leftist Card The Making of an All-Powerful Executive An Authoritarian Personality under Threat From Populism to Authoritarianism Mrs Gandhi’s Calculus in 1975 8. An Incongruous Coalition The Initial Phase: For the Emergency or Against the JP Movement? Communists and the Congress: A Contingent Alliance Maharashtrian Partners: The Shiv Sena and the RPIs Businessmen and the Congress: A Convergence of Interests The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie The Janus-like Intelligentsia The Bureaucracy: The Primacy of Institutional Survival Conclusion to Part II Part III: Resistance and Endgame 9. An Uneven Resistance The Media: A Landscape of Contrasts The Judiciary: Ambivalent to the Core The RSS and the LSS: Between Resistance and Compromise The CPI(M): Underground and in Parliament Mainstream Politicians, Fence-sitters and the Making of the JanataParty Direct Action Underground: The Limits of Limited Violence 10. Lifting the Emergency: What Return to Democracy? Elections as an Antidote to Escalation: A Return to Normal Political Life? What International Pressures? Fighting to Win—At Any Cost The 1977 Polls The Unmaking of the Emergency—How to Punish the Culprits? Conclusion: Interpreting the Emergency The What and Why of the Emergency A Parenthesis? A Turning Point? Or More of the Same? Differences of Degree—and Nature Select Bibliography Index