The Sandalwood Genome

Description

This book is the first comprehensive compilation describing the importance of sandalwood in national and international markets, genetic resources, molecular markers, whole genome sequencing, and pathway genes involved in oil biosynthesis, aroma and fragrance. Application of various “omics” approaches in delineating genome architecture and annotation of genes is highlighted. This book comprises 10 chapters covered over 200 pages authored by the researchers involved in sandalwood genomics. The sandalwood, Santalum album is known for its unique fragrance and finest wood available for carving. Also, sandalwood is intertwined with Indian culture and it is the second most valuable and expensive tree in the world. Preface to the Series Preface Contents Contributors Abbreviations 1 Sandalwood: The King of Aroma in Plant Kingdom Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Taxonomic Classification 1.3 Botanical Description 1.4 Cytology 1.5 Distribution/Ecology 1.6 Habit 1.7 Uses of Sandalwood 1.8 Availability of Genomic Resources References 2 Origin, Tradition and Cultural Importance of Sandalwood in India and Its Role in Conservation of Natural Populations Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Santalum Album in Indian Culture and Tradition 2.2.1 Origin of S. Album and Significance of Its Heartwood 2.2.2 Importance of Indian Sandalwood Oil 2.2.3 Indian Sandalwood in Vedic and Indus Valley Period 2.2.4 Indian Sandalwood in Puranas and Mythology 2.2.5 Indian Sandalwood in Various Religious Practices 2.2.6 Indian Sandalwood of New Era 2.2.7 Factors Leading to the Decline of Natural Populations of S. Album in India 2.2.8 Retrospective and Prospective Methods of Sandalwood Cultivation 2.3 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 3 Sandalwood: Traditional Knowledge from Ayurveda Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 History of CANDANA in the Vedic and Indus Valley Period 3.1.2 Historical Data from Ayurvedic Works 3.1.3 Recent History 3.2.1 Sanskrit Synonyms of Candana 3.2.2 Vernacular Names of Candana- 3.3 Ayurvedic Profile 3.3.1 Classification of Candana 3.3.3 Cardinal Signs of Best Candana 3.3.4 Major Pharmacological Properties of Candana 3.4 Major Therapeutic Uses 3.4.1 Burning Urination with Blood 3.4.2 Leucorrhoea 3.4.3 Headache 3.4.4 Burning Sensation 3.4.5 Skin Disorders 3.4.6 Hemorrhagic Disorders 3.4.7 Bleeding Piles 3.4.8 Vomiting 3.4.9 Bleeding Diarrhea 3.4.10 Menorrhagia 3.4.11 Urticaria 3.4.12 Amrtacandana (Cd. 1/206) 3.4.13 Candana 12 (Ah. Ci. 4/3) 3.4.14 Candana 25 (as. Ci. 11/24) 3.4.15 Candana (Cs. Ci. 3/261) 3.5 Compound Formulations References 4 Genomic Resources in Indian Sandalwood: Implications in Conservation and Breeding Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Genomic Resources in Santalum Species 4.2.1 Whole-Genome Sequencing in Santalum Album 4.2.2 Organellar Genomes of S. Album 4.2.3 Decoding of the Sesquiterpene Biosynthetic Pathway in Sandalwood 4.2.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Parasitism 4.2.5 Response to Abiotic Stresses 4.3 In Vivo Production and Metabolic Engineering for Santalol Production 4.4 Applications of Genomics Research in Sandal Forensics, Breeding, and Conservation 4.4.1 Timber Forensics 4.4.2 Biomarkers to Predict Yield and Quality of Essential Oil in HW 4.4.3 Population Genomics for Conservation of Sandal Genetic Resources 4.4.4 Accelerating Trait-Based Breeding 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 5 Whole Genome Sequence of Sandalwood and Its Comparative Study Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Strategies for Whole Genome Sequencing of Sandalwood Genomes 5.3 Sequence Library Preparation and Whole Genome Sequencing 5.4 Comparative Genomics 5.4.1 Whole Genome Assembly of Bangalore Ecotype GKVK-1 5.4.2 Whole Genome Assembly of Kerala Ecotype Salb-1 5.4.3 Whole Genome Assembly of China Ecotype Haida-2 5.4.4 Genome Statistics and Gene Annotation 5.4.5 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) Classification 5.4.6 Structural Rearrangements of Genomes 5.4.7 Gene Family Expansions and Duplications 5.5 Organelle Genomes 5.6 Repeats in Sandalwood Genome 5.7 Comparative Analysis of Genes Involved in Santalol Biosynthesis Pathway 5.8 Conclusion References 6 Mining of SSRs and SNPs in Sandalwood Genome Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Molecular Markers and Their Importance in Sandalwood Improvement 6.3 Identification of SSRs Across Multiple Sandalwood Genomes 6.4 Identification and Functional Annotation of SNPs 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Sandalwood Fragrance Pathway and Its Engineering for Sustainable Production of High-Value Santalols Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Plants 7.2.1 The Mevalonate Pathway 7.2.2 The Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway 7.2.3 Formation of Prenyl Diphosphate Precursors 7.3 Sandalwood Oil Biosynthesis 7.4 Genome of Santalum Album 7.5 Current Approaches for Sustainable Production of Sandalwood Oil 7.5.1 Chemical Synthesis 7.5.2 Application of Elicitors 7.5.3 Use of Tissue Culture 7.5.4 Production of Sandalwood Terpenes in Alternate Host Systems: Escherichia Coli 7.5.5 Production of Sandalwood Terpenes in Alternate Host Systems: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 7.5.6 Production of Oil in Other Host Systems 7.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 8 Sandalwood Essential Oil and Its Phyto-Chemistry Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Importance of Sandalwood Oil 8.3 Diversity in Chemical Composition of Sandalwood Oil 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Scope of Proteogenomic Analysis for Indian Sandalwood (Santalum Album) Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Proteogenomics: A Leeway to Refine Genome Annotation 9.3 S. Album: Foray of into—Omics Era 9.4 Validating the Predicted Gene Models of S. Album 9.5 A Case Study: Proteomics Assisted Genome Annotation of S. Album References 10 Future Prospects of Sandalwood Research Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Future Prospects 10.2.1 Population Diversity Studies 10.2.2 Disease Resistance Breeding 10.2.3 Linkage Map Construction and Mapping 10.2.4 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) 10.2.5 Genomic Selection 10.2.6 Metabolic Engineering 10.2.7 Genome Editing 10.2.8 Supporting Farmers References