Medical Pharmacology at a Glance

Description

This book is written primarily for medical students but it should also be useful to students and scientists in other disciplines who would like an elementary and concise introduction to pharmacology. In this book the text has been reduced to a minimum for understanding the figures. Nevertheless, I have attempted in each chapter to explain how the drugs produce their effects and to outline their uses. In this eighth edition the chapters have been updated. Certain topics, e.g. drugs used in AIDs, have been revised and drugs acting on the urinary system have been added. Series Title Page Copyright Preface Acknowledgements Further reading How to use your textbook About the companion website 1: Introduction: principles of drug action Receptors Transport systems Enzymes Second messengers G-proteins 2: Drug–receptor interactions Binding of drugs to receptors Antagonists Receptor reserve Partial agonists Intrinsic efficacy Bioassay Binding assays Localization of receptors Tachyphylaxis, desensitization, tolerance and drug resistance 3: Drug absorption, distribution and excretion Routes of administration Distribution and excretion Excretion 4: Drug metabolism Drugs Liver Phase I reactions Phase II reactions Factors affecting drug metabolism 5: Local anaesthetics Na+ channels Action potential Mechanism of local anaesthetics Chemistry Unwanted effects Methods of administration 6: Drugs acting at the neuromuscular junction Presynaptic agents Competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs Note 7: Autonomic nervous system Effects of sympathetic stimulation Acetylcholine 8: Autonomic drugs acting at cholinergic synapses Cholinomimetics Muscarinic antagonists (antimuscarinics) 9: Drugs acting on the sympathetic system Sympathomimetics Adrenoceptor antagonists 10: Ocular pharmacology Glaucoma Mydriatics 11: Asthma, hay fever and anaphylaxis Mediators Bronchodilators Cromoglicate Corticosteroids Acute severe asthma Antihistamines 12: Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract I: peptic ulcer Acid secretion Protective factors Ulcer healing drugs Antacids 13: Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract II: motility and secretions Motility stimulants Laxatives Antidiarrhoeal drugs Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease Drugs used to dissolve gallstones Pancreatic supplements 14: Drugs acting on the kidney: diuretics Thiazides Loop diuretics Potassium-sparing diuretics 15: Drugs used in hypertension Thiazide and other diuretics β-adrenoceptor antagonists Vasodilator drugs Centrally acting drugs Acute severe hypertension 16: Drugs used in angina Nitrates β-Adrenoceptor antagonists Calcium-channel blockers Revascularization 17: Antiarrhythmic drugs Cardiac action potential Pacemaker cells Drugs used in supraventricular arrhythmias Drugs effective in supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias Drugs used in ventricular arrhythmias Alternatives to drugs 18: Drugs used in heart failure ACE inhibitors and ARBs β-blockers Inotropic drugs Sympathomimetic agents 19: Drugs used to affect blood coagulation Anticoagulants Antiplatelet drugs Fibrinolytic drugs (thrombolytics) 20: Lipid-lowering drugs Lipoproteins Hyperlipidaemias Atherosclerosis Drug combinations 21: Agents used in anaemias Iron Iron preparations Vitamin B12 Folic acid Erythropoietin 22: Central transmitter substances Amino acids Monoamines Other transmitters/modulaters 23: General anaesthetics Reticular activating system (RAS) Mechanism of action of anaesthetics Premedication Intravenous agents Inhalation agents 24: Anxiolytics and hypnotics GABA receptors Barbiturate receptor Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Drugs acting at serotonergic (5HT) receptors 25: Antiepileptic drugs Causes of epilepsy Mechanisms of action of anticonvulsants Drugs used in partial and generalized tonic–clonic (grand mal) seizures Drugs used to treat absences (petit mal) Drugs effective in tonic–clonic (grand mal) and absence (petit mal) seizures Drug withdrawal Pregnancy 26: Drugs used in Parkinson’s disease Aetiology Dopaminergic drugs Dopamine agonists Drugs causing dopamine release MAOB and COMT inhibitors Antimuscarinics 27: Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) Dopamine receptors Chemical classification Depot preparations 28: Drugs used in affective disorders: antidepressants Monoamine theory of depression Mechanism of action of antidepressants Drugs that inhibit amine uptake Receptor blockers Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Mechanism of action 29: Opioid analgesics Strong opioid analgesics Weak opioid analgesics 30: Drugs used in nausea and vertigo (antiemetics) Drug-induced vomiting Motion sickness Vestibular disease Pregnancy 31: Drug misuse and dependence Central stimulants Opioids Hallucinogens (psychedelics) General depressants Tobacco 32: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Mechanisms of action Adverse effects Other NSAIDs Gout 33: Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids 34: Sex hormones and drugs Infertility Testosterone Oestrogens Progestogens Oral contraceptives 35: Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) Antithyroid drugs Hypothyroidism Replacement therapy 36: Antidiabetic agents Insulin release Insulin preparations Adverse effects Insulin regimens Oral antidiabetic drugs 37: Antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis: sulphonamides, trimethoprim, quinolones and nitroimidazoles Selective toxicity Sulphonamides Quinolones 5-Nitroimidazoles Notes 38: Antibacterial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis: penicillins, cephalosporins and vancomycin Penicillins Cephalosporins Other β-lactam antibiotics Vancomycin Notes 39: Antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides and chloramphenicol Aminoglycosides Macrolides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Streptogramins Notes 40: Antifungal drugs Fungal infections Polyenes Flucytosine Imidazoles Triazoles Echinocandins 41: Antiviral drugs Drugs that prevent the virus entering or leaving the host cells Drugs that inhibit viral DNA polymerase Drugs that inhibit viral reverse transcriptase 42: Drugs acting on parasites I: helminths (worms) Nematodes (roundworms) Trematodes (flukes) Cestodes (tapeworms) Anthelmintics 43: Drugs acting on parasites II: protozoa Blood schizonticides (slow-acting) Blood schizonticides (rapid-acting) Tissue schizonticide Other protozoal diseases 44: Drugs used in cancer Alkylating agents Cytotoxic antibiotics Vinca alkaloids and taxanes Antimetabolites Monoclonal antibodies Hormones and hormone antagonists 45: Immunosuppressants and antirheumatoid drugs Corticosteroids Antiproliferative drugs Calcineurin inhibitors Monoclonal antibodies Disease-modifying antirheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) Anticytokine drugs 46: Poisoning Reduction of absorption Enhancement of elimination Aspirin Paracetamol Opioids Tricyclic antidepressants Notes 47: Adverse drug reactions Drug interactions Drug allergy Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis Case studies and questions Answers Note Index EULA