Heart Rate Variability

Description

This book not only discusses clinical applications, but also links HRV to systems biology and theories of complexity. This publication should be interesting for several groups of clinicians and scientists, including cardiologists, anesthesiologists, intensivists and physiologists. Heart Rate Variability is in principle easy and cheap, making it interesting for all kind of hospitals and private practice. The book will be an example of using translational medicine (bench to bedside) where newest theoretical results are linked to newest clinical research. Preface References Abbreviations Contents Part I: Theoretical and PathophysiologicalBackground Chapter 1: History of Heart Rate Variability References Chapter 2: Linear, Nonlinear, and Complex Systems Linear Systems Nonlinear Systems Chaos Theory Complexity Complex Systems Contain Many Constituents Interacting Nonlinearly The Constituents of a Complex System Are Interdependent A Complex System Possesses a Structure Spanning Several Scales A Complex System Is Capable of Emerging Behavior Complexity Involves Interplay Between Chaos and Non-chaos Complexity Involves Interplay Between Cooperation and Competition Monitoring, Predicting, and Managing Complex Systems Summary References Chapter 3: The Autonomic Nervous System Introduction Anatomical Structures Supraspinal Autonomic Network Spinal and Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System Transmitter Substances Basal Sympathetic Tone Oscillations in the Sympathetic Nervous System Vegetative Control of the Heart Vegetative Control of Blood Pressure Physiological Background Neural Control of Blood Pressure Is There Something Like a General Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Activation? Recent Views on the Interaction Between the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Systems Summary References Chapter 4: Methodological Issues Introduction Technical Requirements Time-Domain Analysis Geometric Analysis Frequency-Domain Analysis LF, HF, and LF/HF VLF and ULF Variants of Frequency-Domain Measures Correlations Between Time Domain and Frequency Domain Nonlinear Methods Introduction Entropy Approximate Entropy Sample Entropy Lempel–Ziv Entropy Multiscale Entropy Other Entropy Indices Fractal Analysis Short-Term Fractal Scaling Exponent (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) Coarse-Grained Spectral Analysis Fano Factor Dispersional Analysis Fractal Dimension Correlation Dimension Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) Other Nonlinear Methods Heart Rate Turbulence (HRT) Further Methods Combining HRV and Other Measured Parameters R-Wave to Pulse Interval (RPI) Concluding Remarks Modulating and Confounding Factors General Reliability Short Term Versus Holter Monitoring Different Forms of Measurement Confounding Factors Genetic Factors Physiological Factors Endocrinological and Neurohumoral Factors Ethnicity Pathophysiological Factors Medicaments Antiarrhythmics Antihypertensive Drugs Antidepressive Other Psychopharmacological Drugs Catecholamines Anesthesiological Drugs Other Drugs References Chapter 5: HRV and Alterations in the Vegetative Nervous System Introduction Is There an Accordance Between Anatomical Structures Involved in HRV and Supraspinal Structures Related to ANV? Is There General Increased Autonomic Activity That Might Correlate with HRV Measures? Does HF Correlate with Parasympathetic Tone? Does LF Correlate with Sympathetic Tone? Baroreflex Gain Conclusion References Chapter 6: Pathophysiological and Systems Biology Considerations General Considerations Some Physiological Systems with Influence on Heart Rate Variability Sinoatrial Node Respiratory System Endocrinological System Immunological System Glucose Metabolism Psychological Functioning, Cardiac Health, and HRV HRV and Complexity: Revisited Conclusions References Part II: Clinical Studies and Applications Chapter 7: General Mortality HRV as General Risk Factor in Population Samples Conclusion References Chapter 8: Cardiology Introduction Coronary Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction HRV and General Prognosis After MI Angina Pectoris Chronic Heart Failure Introduction Pathophysiology and Phenomenology Heart Failure and HRV Conclusion Risk Prediction for Sudden Cardiac Death SCD Summarized SCD in Heart Failure Patients Special Subgroups Cachexia Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy HRV Biofeedback Training in Heart Failure Patients Chronic Heart Failure and Heart Rate Turbulence Other Newer Approaches Paroxysmal and Permanent Atrial Fibrillation Introduction Pathophysiology HRV Changes Prior to the Onset of Paroxysmal AF HRV to Predict the Onset of AF After Thoracic Surgery HRV to Predict Recurrence After Cardioversion of Paroxysmal AF HRV in Persistent AF: A Challenge Effects of the Maze Procedure on HRV Discussion and Conclusion Hypertension Introduction A Short Description of the Pathophysiology of Hypertension HRV in Normotensive Individuals Developing Hypertension HRV in Hypertensive Compared to Normotensive Persons Conclusion Other Cardiologic Diseases and Problems References Chapter 9: Perioperative Care Introduction Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia Prediction of Hypotension Prediction of Cardiac Events Effects of Anesthesia on HRV Spinal Anesthesia Maintenance of Anesthesia Postoperative Course Conclusion References Chapter 10: Intensive Care and Trauma Sepsis Introduction Pathophysiological Considerations Clinical Studies Neonatal Sepsis Trauma References Chapter 11: Neurologic Disorders Brain Damage Neurogenic Cardiomyopathy Generalized Brain Damage, Impaired Consciousness, and HRV Stroke Introduction Acute Stroke Poststroke HRV and Stroke Prognosis Summary References Chapter 12: Pain Introduction Experimental Pain Models and Acute Pain Irritable Bowel Syndrome Back Pain Headaches Migraine Tension-Type Headache Cluster Headache Fibromyalgia The Case of Disability Conclusion References Chapter 13: HRV in Oncology and Palliative Medicine Cancer Pathophysiology Prognosis for Cancer Patients in a Palliative Phase Cancer Treatment and HRV: The Case of Anthracyclines Cancer Symptoms and HRV References Chapter 14: Psychiatry Introduction Depression Pathophysiology of Depressive Disorders Stress Reactions and Immune System Monoamines Glutamate and GABA Receptors Neurotrophic Theory Depression and Heart Disease Depression and Changes in HRV Conclusion Psychosis Phobias Stress-Related Disorders Introduction Physiology and Pathophysiology of Stress HRV Changes in Stress-Related Disorders References Chapter 15: Diabetes Introduction HRV and Diabetes Role of HRV in Evaluation of Diabetic Patients Early Detection of DAN: Desirable or Not Necessary? Concluding Remarks References Chapter 16: Other Studies Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exercise in COPD Patients Conclusion Kidney Disease End-Stage Renal Disease and Dialysis Transplantation General Conclusion Sleep Apnea Complementary Medicine Acupuncture HRV Biofeedback References Chapter 17: Conclusion HRV as Publication-Generating Machine Conclusion References Bibliography Index