Immobilization on Polymers

Description

This volume is devoted to the developments in the branch of polymer chemistry which deals with immobilized systems. These systems are widely used in fields connected with metabolism in humans, animals, plants and micro-organisms. The study of these artificial immobilized systems permits the understanding and design of the function and behaviour of natural substances in living organisms. The book contains the latest achievements in the field of synthesis of polymeric derivatives of different natural substances such as: proteins; peptides; amino acids; poly- and monosaccharides; nucleic acids; nucleosides; nucleotides; coenzymes; vitamines; alkaloids; antibiotics; steroids; hormones; and others. Special attention is given to natural and synthetic carriers and the influence of their chemical structure on the efficiency of systems obtained. This work should be of value and interest to researchers in the field of polymer chemistry, biotechnology and genetic engineering, medical chemistry, bio-organic chemistry and enzymology. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Proteins 1.1. Covalently Binding Proteins to Carriers 1.1.1. Acylation Reactions 1.1.1.a. Acylation by Polymeric Acyl Azides 1.1.1.b. Acylation in the Presence of Carbodiimides 1.1.1.c. Acylation in the Presence of Woodward Reagent 1.1.1.d. Acylation with Polymer Anhydrides 1.1.1.e. Acylation by Cyclic Carbonates of Polymer Alcohols 1.1.1.f. Acylation by Activated Esters 1.1.1.g. Other Acylation Methods 1.1.2. Azocoupling Reaction 1.1.3. Formation of Azomethine Derivatives 1.1.4. Use of Polyimide Carbonates 1.1.5. Use of Carriers Containing Isocyanate and Isothiocyanate Groups 1.1.6. Use of Polymer with Active Halogen Atom 1.1.6.a. Polymers Containing Chlorotriazine Groups 1.1.6.b. Polymers Containing Active Halogen Atoms at Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon Atoms 1.1.6.c. Polymers Containing Activated Halogen Atoms, Included in Inorganic Groups 1.1.7. Use of Epoxy-Containing Polymers 1.1.7.a. Characteristic Features of Reaction of Proteins with Epoxy-Containing Polymers 1.1.7.b. Use of Homo- and Copolymers of Epoxy-Containing Monomers 1.1.7.c. Use of Other Synthetic Epoxy-Containing Polymers 1.1.7.d. Use of Polysaccharides Containing Epoxy Groups 1.1.7.e. Use of Grafted Copolymers of Polysaccharides and Epoxy-Containing Polymers as Carriers 1.1.8. Other Methods 1.1.8.a. Use of Ugi Method 1.1.8.b. Thiol-Disulphide Exchange 1.1.8.c. Reactions with Polymer Imidoesters 1.1.8.d. Use of Carriers with Activated Double Bond 1.1.8.e. Radical Reactions 1.1.8.f. Rare and New Methods 1.1.9. Temporary Immobilization of Proteins in Covalent (Chemospecific) Chromatography 1.1.10. Solid-Phase Analysis of Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins 1.2. Methods of Protein Immobilization Other than Covalent Binding 1.2.1. Immobilization by Ionic Bond 1.2.2. Immobilization with the Help of Coordination Bond 1.2.3. Immobilization through Adsorption Interaction between Protein and Carrier 1.2.4. Mechanical Immobilization of Proteins Using Polymers 1.2.4.a. Gel-Entrapping Immobilization 1.2.4.b. Microencapsulation 1.2.4.c. Entrapment into the Structure of Polymer Fibers, Membranes 1.3. Certain Types of Proteins 1.3.1. Immobilization and Modification of Hemoglobin 1.3.2. Immobilization and Modification of Insulin Chapter 2: Amino Acids, Peptides 2.1. Immobilization of Amino Acids on Carriers in Synthesis of Polypeptides 2.2. Amino Acids and Peptides in Synthesis of Affinity Sorbents 2.3. Introduction of Amino Acid and Peptide Residue into Polymers with Pharmaceutical Applications 2.4. Other Areas Related to Amino Acids Immobilization Chapter 3: Polymeric and Low-Molecular Saccharides 3.1. Polysaccharides 3.1.1. Immobilization of Heparin 3.1.2. Immobilization of Other Polysaccharides 3.2. Low-Molecular Saccharides 3.2.1. Synthesis of Immobilized Monosaccharides by Polymerizing their Unsaturated Derivatives 3.2.1.1. Vinyl Ethers 3.2.1.2. Allyl, Methallyl and Other Alkene Ethers 3.2.1.3. Ethers of Unsaturated Acids 3.2.2. Synthesis of Immobilized Disaccharides 3.2.3. Immobilization of Amino Derivatives of Mono- and Oligosaccharides and Aminosugars 3.2.3.1. Aminosugars 3.2.3.2. Amino Derivatives of Mono- and Oligosaccharides 3.2.4. Polymeric Derivatives of β-Cyclodextrin Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids and their Components 4.1. Nucleic Acids and Polynucleotides 4.1.1. Binding Unmodified Polynucleotides and Nucleic Acids to Carriers 4.1.2. Binding Modified Polynucleotides and Nucleic Acids to Carriers 4.2. Nucleic Acid Bases 4.2.1. Polymerization Reaction 4.2.2. Use of Polycondensation Processes 4.2.3. Use of Chain Substitution Reaction 4.3. Nucleosides 4.4. Nucleotides 4.4.1. Interaction of Carriers with Unmodified Nucleotides 4.4.2. Interaction of Carriers with Modified Nucleotides 4.4.2.1. Reaction with the Participation of Reactive Groups, Introduced into the Phosphoryl Residues of Nucleotides 4.4.2.2. Reactions Involving Reactive Groups Introduced into the Carbohydrate Residue of Nucleotides 4.4.2.3. Reaction with the Participation of Reactive Groups, Introduced into the Nucleic Base Residue Chapter 5: Coenzymes 5.1. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate 5.1.1. Binding Unmodified NAD and NAD(p) to Carriers 5.1.1.1. Reactions with the Participation of Phosphoryl Residues 5.1.1.2. Reaction with the Participation of the OH-Group of the Ribose Ring 5.1.1.3. Reactions with the Participation of the Purine Group 5.1.2. Interaction of Modified NAD+ (NAD(p)+ ) with the Carrier 5.1.2.1. Reaction with the Participation of Active Groups Introduced into Ribose Residue 5.1.2.2. Reactions with the Participation of Active Groups, Introduced into Position 8 of Adenine Residue 5.1.2.3. Reaction with the Participation of Active Groups, Introduced into Position 6 of Adenine Residue 5.1.2.4. Reactions with the Participation of Nicotinamide Group 5.2. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate 5.3. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Other Coenzymes Chapter 6: Antibiotics 6.1. Obtaining Polymeric Salts of Antibiotics 6.2. Obtaining Polymers with Antibiotics Covalently Bound to the Carrier Chapter 7: Alkaloids 7.1. Alcaloids of the Pyridine Group 7.1.1. Synthesis of Monomers 7.1.2. Synthesis of Polymers 7.2. Alkaloids of the Quinoline Group 7.3. Alkaloids of Isoquinoline Group Chapter 8: Vitamines Chapter 9: Steroids Chapter 10: Phytohormones and Other Plant Growth Regulators 10.1. Carboxyl-Containing Plant Growth Regulators 10.1.1. Synthesizing Polymeric Derivatives 10.1.1.1. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Auxins and their Synthetic Analogues 10.1.1.2. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Other Carboxilic Acid Used as Plant Growth Regulators 10.1.2. Properties of Polymeric Derivatives of Biologically Active Carboxylic Acids 10.1.2.1. Reaction to Hydrolysis 10.1.2.2. Biological Activity 10.2. Heterocyclic Plant Growth Regulators and Herbicides 10.2.1. Polymeric Derivatives of Cytokinins 10.2.2. Polymeric Derivatives of Heterocyclic Herbicides 10.2.3. Other Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators Chapter 11: Other Naturally Occurring Substances 11.1. Tannins 11.2. Lipids 11.3. Representatives of Other Naturally Occurring Substances Chapter 12: Immobilization of Cells 12.1. Interaction with Carriers 12.2. Mechanical Methods of Immobilization 12.2.1. Entrapping Cells into the Gel Obtained by the Polymerization of Unsatured Monomers 12.2.2. Entrapping Cells into Gel Obtained by Polycondensation or Polyaddition 12.2.3. Entrapping Cells into Gel Derived from Polymers Capable of Forming 3-D Structure 12.2.4. Entrapping Cells into Gel Derived from Unstructured Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Polymers 12.2.5. Encapsulation and Mechanical Containment Chapter 13: Polymers as Carriers of Naturally Occurring Compounds 13.1. Common Types of Carriers 13.1.1. Naturally Occurring Polymers 13.1.1.1. Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 13.1.1.2. Proteins and their Derivatives 13.1.2. Synthetic Polymers 13.1.2.1. Styrene Polymers 13.1.2.2. Polymers of Derivatives of Acrylic Acids 13.1.2.3. Polyvinyl Alcohol 13.1.2.4. Polymeric Amines 13.1.2.5. Polymeric Aldehydes 13.1.2.6. Polyglycols 13.1.2.7. Polyvinyllactams 13.1.2.8. Polyamides 13.1.2.9. Other Synthetic Polymers 13.1.2.10. Composite Carriers 13.2. Structural Peculiarities of Carriers 13.2.1. Molecular Mass 13.2.2. Molecular-Weight Distribution, Compositional Heterogeneity, Blocking Degree, Composition, Structure 13.2.3. Carriers’ Capacity for Degradation 13.2.4. Immunogenicity of Carriers 13.2.5. Structure of a Side Chain 13.2.6. Realisation Degree of Carrier-Ligand Bonds 13.2.7. Other Factors 13.3. Polymers as Carriers of Medicinal Preparations Conclusions Commercial Carriers and Sorbents Subject Index