The Future of Metabolic Engineering

Description

"The last two decades of scientific research have progressed to the point where metabolic engineering, which involves the modifying of metabolic pathways of animals, plants, and bacterial cells at biochemical and molecular levels, is feasible. Conceptually, metabolic engineering takes into account the identification of major blocks or control points in a metabolic pathway at the molecular level followed by removal of these limitations with the help of various cellular engineering interventions. Understanding the metabolic pathways requires appropriate experiment setup, molecular biology and biochemistry methods, computational modelling, data analysis, and interpretation to allow the researchers to manipulate them as per their needs. This book comprises atotal of 12 chapters from multiple contributors of different countries around the world, including Brazil, Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. This book provides deep insight into the past, present, and future of metabolic engineering in the animal, microbial, and plant system, communicating interdisciplinary research and relevant results in biochemistry, molecular biology, applied microbiology, cellular physiology, cellular nutrition in health and disease, and biochemical engineering"-- Contents Foreword Preface Chapter 1 Advances in Metabolic Engineering: Applications of CRISPR and beyond Abstract Introduction Background: Gene Editing TALENs, ZFNs, CRISPR CRISPR/Cas System Development and Delivery Using CRISPR for Gene Editing Using CRISPR/Cas for Gene Regulation Anti-CRISPR Synthetic Morphology The Use of Conventional and Non-Conventional Cell Factories Using Microbes as Chassis for Synthetic Biology CRISPR Enabled Trackable Genome Engineering (CREATE) Multiplexed Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE) Engineering Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Conclusion References Chapter 2 Significant Role of Metabolic Engineering in the Understanding of Cancer Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Engineers’ Approaches to Study Cancer Metabolism 3. Metabolic Engineering Tools used in Cancer Metabolism Study 3.1. Metabolic Flux Analysis 3.2. Metabolomics 3.3. Biomarkers 3.4. Thermodynamic Control Analysis 4. Metabolic Engineering of Plant Derived Anticancer Agents Future Aspects and Conclusion References Chapter 3 Genome Editing in Metabolically Engineered Breast Cancer Cells with a Special Focus on Nano-Therapeutic Applications Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Molecular Mechanism of Breast Cancer 3. Existing Treatment and Its Pros and Cons 3.1. Localized Treatment 3.1.1. Surgery 3.2. Radiation Therapy 3.3. Systematic Treatment 3.3.1. Chemotherapy 3.4. Treatment of Breast Cancer by Stage 4. Programmed Cells with Genome Editing 5. Role and Therapeutic Ability of CRISPR-Cas9 in Breast Cancer 5.1. Oncogenes and TSGs 5.2. DNA Repair Pathways 5.3. Kinome Targeting 5.4. Epigenetic Alteration 5.5. Drug Resistance 6. Role of Nanomedicine in Breast Cancer Treatment 7. Nanocarriers Entrapped CRISPR-Cas9 in Breast Cancer Future Prospects and Conclusion References Chapter 4 Invertebrate and Vertebrate Cell Cultures in Bio-Therapeutics Abstract Introduction Insect-Based Cell Lines Fish Based Cell Lines Avian Based Cell Lines Mammalian Based Cell Lines “Designer” Cell Lines Conclusion References Chapter 5 An Insight in the Trends Timeline of Metabolic Engineering in Microbes and Its Reflection on Future Scope 1. Introduction 2. Current Trends 2.1. Pathway Assessment and Enumeration for a Desired Product from a Specific Substrate 2.2. Comprehension and Conception of Metabolic Control Supported by Metabolic Flux 2.3. In Silico Methods for Metabolic Engineering 2.4. Metabolic Engineering from the Perspective of Rational Approach 2.5. Connective Methods for Metabolic Engineering 3. Parameters 3.1. Product 3.2. Methodology (Tools) 4. Future Trends 4.1. Alternate Production Machinery for Metabolic Engineering 4.2. Advancement in Methods for Correcting Production Titre 4.3. Concept of De Novo 4.4. Concept of Systemic Control Genetic Circuit 4.5. Attention to Synthesis of Unnatural Products 5. Going Forward Conclusion References Chapter 6 Metabolic Engineering Approach for Optimization of Microalgae Biorefinery Using Phaeodactylum tricornutum as Model Organism Abstract Introduction Metabolic Engineering Strategies Applied to Phaeodactylum tricornutum Genetic Engineering Technologies Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstruction and Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) Biotechnological Potential for High Value Compounds Production and Biorefinery Process Case Study: Generating and Applying Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Phaeodactylum tricornutum Metabolomics Fluxomics: FBA Applied to Fucoxanthin Metabolism Conclusion References Chapter 7 Deciphering the Metabolic Adjustments of Engineered Plants Using GC-MS: A Typical Workflow Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Typical Workflow for Metabolic Analysis in Plant Systems Using GC-MS 2.1. Metabolite Extraction and Sample Preparation of Plant Systems 2.2. GC-MS Data Acquisition 2.3. GC-MS Data Pre-Treatment and Data Analysis 3. Case Study: GC-MS Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Wildtype (Col-0) and Engineered (BBX31) Genotype Under UV-B 4. Analytical Platforms to Study Plant Metabolic Variations Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References Chapter 8 Plants as a Bioreactor for Edible Vaccines: Emerging Excellence Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Plant as a Bioreactor for Pharmaceutical Production 2.1. Therapeutic Products 2.2. Nutritional Components 2.3. Vaccine Antigens 3. Production of Edible Vaccine 3.1. Direct Gene Transfer 3.2. Indirect Gene Transfer 4. Plant-Based Oral Vaccines 5. Plant-Based Edible Vaccines and Their Advantages 6. Significant Plant Species Used as Immunization Models 6.1. Potato 6.2. Rice 6.3. Banana 6.4. Tomato 6.5. Lettuce 6.6. Tobacco 6.7. Alfalfa 6.8. Carrots 7. Applications of Edible Vaccines 7.1. Malaria 7.2. Measles 7.3. Hepatitis 7.4. Autoimmune Diseases 7.5. Diarrheal Diseases 7.6. Anthrax 7.7. Rabies 8. Challenges and Future Prospective of Plant-Based Edible Vaccines Conclusion References Chapter 9 Recent Development and Future Prospect of Plant-Based Vaccines Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Edible Vaccine 2.1. Molecular Farming 2.2. Transgenic Plants 2.3. Transient Expression 2.4. Mechanism of Action of Edible Vaccines 2.5. Advantages of Edible Vaccines 2.6. Disadvantages of Edible Vaccines 2.7. Significance of Plant-Based Edible Vaccine Technology 3. Applications 3.1. Cancer Therapy 3.2. Birth Control 3.3. Hepatitis 3.4. Anthrax 3.5. Chloroplast Transformation 3.6. Role in Autoimmune Diseases 3.7. Recombinant Drugs/Proteins 4. Future Prospective References Chapter 10 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Plant Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis Abstract Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Discussions 2.1. Biopharmaceutical Biosynthesis Using Genetic/Pathways Engineering 2.2. Plant Based Secondary Metabolism Obtained in Microbial Systems 2.3. Production of Plant-based Compound via Tissue Culture 2.4. Pathway Engineered Plant/GMO Crop 2.4.1. r-DNA Technology/ or Pathways Engineering Approach: bt Cotton, bt Brinjal and Others 2.4.2. Genome Editing 2.5. Expression of Plant Genes in Microbial Species 3. Future Aspects Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 11 Plant Metabolic Engineering: Promotion of Human Health Abstract Introduction Plant Metabolic Engineering Metabolomics Carotenoid and Pro-Vitamin-A Enhancing the Activity of Vitamin E in Food Crops Biofortification of Folate and Iron Plastid Transformation Plants as a Source of Therapeutics Genetically Modified Plants Benefits of Plant Tissue Culture over Traditional AgriculturalPractices Agrobacterium Mediated Gene Transfer: A Promising Approach for Secondary Metabolite Production Genome Editing by CRISPER Technology Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further Readings Chapter 12 In Silico Studies Describing Mirnas and Their Regularity Processes in Industrial Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstract Introduction miRNA Identification Tool miRNA in MAPs Plants Role of miRNA in Secondary Metabolism How to Use miRNA for Metabolic Engineering in Plant Conclusion References About the Editors Index Blank Page Blank Page