Digitalization and Control of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems: Concepts, Technologies and Applications

Description

Industrial cyber-physical systems operate simultaneously in the physical and digital worlds of business and are now a cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. Increasingly, these systems are becoming the way forward for academics and industrialists alike. The very essence of these systems, however, is often misunderstood or misinterpreted. This book thus sheds light on the problem areas surrounding cyber-physical systems and provides the reader with the key principles for understanding and illustrating them. Presented using a pedagogical approach, with numerous examples of applications, this book is the culmination of more than ten years of study by the Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Systems (IMS2) French research group, part of the MACS (Modeling, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems) research group at the CNRS. It is intended both for engineers who are interested in emerging industrial developments and for master’s level students wishing to learn about the industrial systems of the future. Cover Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Introduction PART 1: Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1. General Concepts 1.1. Industry at the heart of society 1.2. Industrial world in search of a new model 1.3. Cyber-physical systems 1.4. From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 1.5. Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 1.6. References 2. Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 2.1. Industry of the future and sustainable development 2.2. Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 2.2.1. Background 2.2.2. Cognitive aspects 2.2.3. Health and safety aspects at work 2.3. Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 2.3.1. Objectives and expectations 2.3.2. Example of application 2.4. Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 2.5. Conclusion 2.6. References PART 2: Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 3. Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 3.3. Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 3.3.1. Nature of decision-making processes 3.3.2. Nature of information 3.3.3. Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 3.4. Elements for the implementation of loops 3.4.1. Generic architecture 3.4.2. Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 3.5. Illustrative examples 3.5.1. Example from rail transport 3.5.2. Example from the manufacturing sector 3.6. Conclusion 3.7. References 4. The Intelligent Product Concept 4.1. The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 4.2. Definitions of the intelligent product concept 4.3. Developments in the concept of intelligent products 4.3.1. Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 4.3.2. Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 4.4. Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 4.5. References PART 3: Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 5. Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 5.1. Virtualization – the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 5.2. Virtualization in the industrial environment 5.3. Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 5.3.1. Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 5.3.2. Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 5.4. MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 5.5. Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 5.6. References 6. Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 6.1. What are the risks involved? 6.1.1. Unavailability of systems 6.1.2. Loss of confidentiality or integrity 6.1.3. Bypassing access and authentication controls 6.2. What means of protection? 6.2.1. Ensuring availability 6.2.2. Ensuring confidentiality 6.2.3. Implementing authentication mechanisms 6.2.4. Controlling access, permissions and logging 6.3. Conclusion 6.4. References PART 4: Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 7. Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 7.1. Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 7.1.1. Multi-agent systems 7.1.2. Holonic paradigm 7.2. Industrial agents 7.2.1. Definition and characteristics 7.2.2. Interfacing with physical assets 7.3. Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 7.3.1. Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 7.3.2. Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 7.4. Discussion and future directions 7.5. References 8. Holonic Control Architectures 8.1. Introduction 8.2. HCA fundamentals 8.3. HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 8.4. Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 8.5. HCAs and Big Data 8.6. HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 8.7. References PART 5: Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 9. Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 9.3. Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 9.3.1. Formal concept analysis (FCA) 9.3.2. Relational concept analysis (RCA) 9.4. Machine learning 9.4.1. Basics of machine learning 9.4.2. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 9.5. Illustrative example 9.6. Conclusion 9.7. References 10. Human–Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Design methods 10.3. Method of integrating HICPS 10.3.1. Descending phase 10.3.2. Ascending phase 10.4. Summary and conclusion 10.5. References PART 6: Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 11. Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 11.1. Context 11.1.1. Developments 11.1.2. Issues 11.1.3. Resources 11.2. Reconfiguration 11.2.1. Implementation and decision levels 11.2.2. Information systems 11.2.3. Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 11.2.4. Where and when to reconfigure? 11.3. Modeling 11.3.1. Data collection 11.3.2. Simulation platforms 11.4. Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 11.5. Operation of the information system 11.5.1. Operational level: procurement 11.5.2. Responding to disruptions 11.5.3. Decision support 11.6. Illustrative example 11.7. References 12. Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 12.1. Logistics and its challenges 12.2. Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 12.2.1. Intra-site logistics 12.2.2. Intra-urban logistics 12.2.3. Inter-site inter-city logistics 12.3. The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 12.3.1. Concept and definition 12.3.2. Topologies of networks of networks 12.4. Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 12.4.1. Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 12.4.2. Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 12.5. Conclusion 12.6. References 13. Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 13.1. Introduction 13.1.1. Pull forces 13.1.2. Complexity factors of the transportation sector 13.1.3. Push forces 13.2. The impact of ICPS on transportation 13.3. Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 13.3.1. The physical space of SUPERFLO 13.3.2. The human fleet supervisor 13.3.3. The cyber space of SUPERFLO 13.3.4. Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 13.4. Concluding remarks 13.5. Acknowledgments 13.6. References 14. Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 14.1. General introduction 14.2. The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 14.3. Examples of transformations in the construction sector 14.3.1. Control: real-time site management 14.3.2. Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 14.3.3. Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 14.3.4. Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 14.4. Example of ICPS in construction 14.5. Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 14.6. References 15. Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 15.1. Introduction 15.1.1. The health system and its specificities 15.1.2. The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 15.2. HCPS in the literature 15.2.1. HCPS for medical monitoring 15.2.2. HCPS for well-being and prevention 15.2.3. HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 15.2.4. Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 15.3. The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 15.3.1. General principle of digital twins in health 15.3.2. A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 15.4. Conclusion 15.5. References PART 7: Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 16. Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Ethics and ICPS 16.2.1. Data management and protection 16.2.2. Control in the design of algorithms 16.3. Liability and ICPS 16.3.1. Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 16.3.2. Proposals for changes in liability regimes 16.4. References 17. Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 17.1. Introduction 17.2. University of Warwick – Bachelor-level curriculum 17.2.1. ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 17.2.2. Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 17.2.3. Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 17.3. University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer – master’s-level curriculum 17.3.1. ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 17.3.2. Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 17.3.3. Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 17.4. Conclusion 17.5. References Conclusion: Conclusion and Outlook C.1. An initiative of the French and international IMS community C.2. A work designed as a bedside book C.3. Towards the future of ICPS: people, training and ethics List of Authors Index EULA