Why do buildings collapse in earthquakes? Building for safety in seismic areas

Description

Learn from the personal experience and insights of leading earthquake engineering specialists as they examine the lessons from disasters of the last 30 years and propose a path to earthquake safety worldwide  Why Do Buildings Collapse in Earthquakes?: Building for Safety in Seismic Areas delivers an insightful and comprehensive analysis of the key lessons taught by building failures during earthquakes around the world. The book uses empirical evidence to describe the successes of earthquake engineering and disaster preparedness, as well as the failures that may have had tragic consequences.  Readers will learn what makes buildings in earthquake zones vulnerable, what can be done to design, build and maintain those buildings to reduce or eliminate that vulnerability, and what can be done to protect building occupants.  Those who are responsible for the lives and safety of building occupants and visitors - architects, designers, engineers, and building owners or managers - will learn how to provide adequate safety in earthquake zones. The text offers useful and accessible answers to anyone interested in natural disasters generally and those who have specific concerns about the impact of earthquakes on the built environment.   Readers will benefit from the inclusion of:  A thorough introduction to how buildings have behaved in earthquakes, including a description of the world’s most lethal earthquakes and the fatality trend over time  An exploration of how buildings are constructed around the world, including considerations of the impact of climate and seismicity on home design  A discussion of what happens during an earthquake, including the types and levels of ground motion, landslides, tsunamis, and sequential effects, and how different types of buildings tend to behave in response to those phenomena   What different stakeholders can do to improve the earthquake safety of their buildings  The owners and managers of buildings in earthquake zones and those responsible for the safety of people who occupy or visit them will find Why Do Buildings Collapse in Earthquakes? Building for Safety in Seismic Areas essential reading, as will  all architects, designers and engineers who design or refurbish buildings in earthquake zones.  Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction: Why This Book 1.1 Earthquakes – An Underrated Hazard 1.2 Earthquakes, Buildings, People 1.3 The Authors’ Experience of Earthquake Risk Assessment 1.4 Aims of This Book 1.5 Outline of the Book References Chapter 2 How Do Buildings Behave in Earthquakes? 2.1 Learning from Earthquakes 2.2 Significant Earthquakes Since 2000 2.2.1 The 26.1.2001 Bhuj Earthquake: Mw7.7, 13 481 Deaths 2.2.2 The 26.12.2003 Bam Earthquake: Mw6.6, about 27 000 Deaths 2.2.3 The 26.12.2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Mw = 9.1, 225 841 Deaths 2.2.4 The 8.10.2005 Kashmir Earthquake in Pakistan: Mw = 7.6, 73 338 Deaths 2.2.5 The 27.5.2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake: Mw6.3, 5778 Deaths 2.2.6 The 12.5.2008 Wenchuan Earthquake: Mw7.9, 87 476 Deaths 2.2.7 The 12.1.2010 Haiti Earthquake: Mw7.0, Estimated More Than 222 000 Deaths 2.2.9 The 11.3.2011 Great Tohoku Japan Earthquake: Mw9.1, Over 18000 Deaths and Missing 2.2.10 The 25.4.2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake: Mw7.8, 8831 Deaths 2.3 What Can We Learn from These Significant Earthquakes? 2.4 Earthquake Losses in Rich and Poor Countries 2.5 Are Earthquake Losses Decreasing Over Time? References Chapter 3 How are Buildings Constructed in Earthquake Zones? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Built Form, Climate and Earthquake Resistance 3.2.1 Buildings for (Equatorial) Warm Humid Climates (Zone A) 3.2.2 Buildings for Arid Climates (Zone B) 3.2.3 Buildings for Warm Temperate Climates (Zone C) 3.2.4 Mismatches Between Climatic Response and Seismic Resistance 3.3 Building Construction Types by Earthquake Zone 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Zone 1: Southern Europe (Italy, Greece and Romania) 3.3.3 Zone 2: West Asia (Turkey and Iran) 3.3.4 Zone 3: South Asia (India, Pakistan and Nepal) Box 3.1 Profile: Randolph Langenbach 3.3.5 Zone 4: China 3.3.6 Zone 5: Japan 3.3.7 Zone 6: South East Asia (Indonesia and the Philippines) 3.3.8 Zone 7: New Zealand 3.3.9 Zone 8: South America (Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia) 3.3.10 Zone 9: Central America (Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador) and the Caribbean 3.3.11 Zone 10: California 3.4 Summary References Chapter 4 What Happens in an Earthquake? 4.1 What is an Earthquake? 4.2 Volcanic Earthquakes and Induced Seismicity 4.3 How Earthquakes Travel through Different Media 4.3.1 Response of Buildings to Earthquakes 4.3.2 Liquefaction 4.3.3 Lateral Spreading 4.4 Secondary Hazards 4.4.1 Landslides Box 4.1 Profile: Toshitaka Katada 4.4.2 Fire-Following Earthquake 4.5 Compound Threats References Chapter 5 How Do Different Forms of Construction Behave in Earthquakes? 5.1 Introduction: Range and Classification of Building Construction Types 5.2 Masonry Construction 5.2.1 Adobe Construction 5.2.2 Stone Masonry Construction Box 5.1 Profile: Laurie Baker 5.2.3 Unreinforced Brick and Block Masonry Construction 5.2.4 Confined and Reinforced Masonry Construction 5.3 Reinforced Concrete Construction 5.3.1 Reinforced Concrete Frame Construction 5.3.2 Reinforced Concrete Shear-Wall Construction 5.4 Timber Frame Construction 5.4.1 Timber Stud-Wall Construction 5.5 Steel Frame Construction 5.6 Comparing the Vulnerability of Different Construction Types References Chapter 6 How is the Population Affected? 6.1 Causes of Earthquake Casualties 6.2 Casualties due to Building Collapses 6.2.1 How are Occupants Affected? 6.2.2 Can Building Occupants Escape? 6.3 Survivability of an Occupant in a Building 6.3.1 How are People Trapped? 6.3.2 Falling Building Debris 6.4 Other Causes of Casualties 6.4.1 Tsunamis 6.4.2 Landslides 6.4.3 Liquefaction 6.4.4 Fire Following 6.5 How Can We Estimate the Number of Injured and Killed in an Earthquake? 6.5.1 Statistical Approaches to Earthquake Loss Modelling 6.5.2 Engineering-Based Approaches 6.6 Estimating Fatalities Due to Building Collapses 6.6.1 Definition of Collapse 6.6.2 Estimating Fatalities Due to Falling Debris 6.7 Estimating Casualties from Secondary Hazards and Cascading Effects 6.8 The Way Forward References Chapter 7 How Can Buildings Be Improved? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Design of Engineered Buildings 7.2.1 The Development of Earthquake Codes 7.2.2 Performance Objectives 7.2.3 Typical Code Requirements 7.2.4 Simplified Design Rules 7.2.5 Limitations of Codes 7.2.6 Failure of Codes in Developing Countries 7.3 Strengthening Existing Buildings 7.3.1 Strengthening School Buildings 7.3.2 OECD Programme: Scope and Principles 7.3.3 World Bank Programme; Scope and Principles 7.3.4 Global Progress in Achieving School Safety: Some Examples 7.3.5 Summary 7.4 Building for Safety Programmes 7.4.1 NSET, Nepal Box 7.1 Profile: Amod Dixit 7.4.2 NCPDP, Gujarat, India Box 7.2 Profile: Rajendra and Rupal Desai 7.4.3 Summary 7.5 Public Awareness of Earthquake Risk: Creating a Safety Culture 7.5.1 California: The Great Shakeout 7.5.2 Japan: Disaster Prevention Day 7.5.3 Europe: Developing and Assessing Earthquake Awareness Dissemination Programmes 7.5.4 Nepal: Awareness Raising References Chapter 8 Successes and Failures in Earthquake Protection: A Country Comparison 8.1 Introduction: The survey 8.2 High Achievers 8.2.1 California 8.2.2 Japan 8.2.3 New Zealand 8.2.4 Chile 8.3 Limited Achievers 8.3.1 Greece 8.3.2 Italy 8.3.3 Romania 8.3.4 Turkey 8.3.5 Slovenia and Serbia 8.3.6 Portugal and Spain 8.3.7 Australia 8.3.8 China 8.3.9 Mexico 8.4 Continuing and Growing Risks 8.4.1 Colombia and Ecuador 8.4.2 Indonesia 8.4.3 Nepal 8.4.4 India 8.4.5 The Caribbean 8.4.6 Other Countries with Growing Risks 8.5 Country Comparison of Unsafe Structures 8.6 Comparison of the Country Groups 8.6.1 High Achievers 8.6.2 Limited Achievers 8.6.3 Continuing and Growing Risks Acknowledgements References Chapter 9 The Way Forward: What Part Can Different Actors Play? 9.1 International Agencies and Global Initiatives 9.2 Governments 9.2.1 Maintaining Professional Standards 9.2.2 Funding Scientific Research 9.2.3 Education 9.2.4 Working with the Private Sector 9.3 Businesses and Organisations 9.3.1 Risk Assessment 9.3.2 Mitigation Plan 9.4 Homeowners and Individual Citizens 9.4.1 Safe Home 9.4.2 Securing Contents and Utilities 9.4.3 Preparing for an Earthquake 9.4.4 Advocacy for Government Action Box 9.1 Profile Dr Tracy Monk 9.5 Scientists and Engineers Box 9.2 Profile: Edward Ng Box 9.3 Profile: Lucy Jones 9.6 NGOs 9.7 Insurers 9.7.1 New Zealand Earthquake Commission 9.7.2 Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) 9.7.3 California Earthquake Authority (CEA) 9.7.4 Micro-insurance 9.8 The Way Forward 9.8.1 Understanding Risk 9.8.2 Communicating Risk 9.8.3 Incentivising Risk Reduction References Index EULA