USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes (Kaplan) 2018: Pharmacology

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Kaplan Medical's USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes 2018: Pharmacology offers in-depth review with a focus on high-yield topics – a comprehensive approach that will help you deepen your understanding while focusing your efforts where they'll count the most. Cover......Page 0 Title Page......Page 2 Table of Contents......Page 3 Copyright......Page 9 Editors......Page 11 Feedback Page......Page 13 Part I: General Principles......Page 14 Pharmacokinetics......Page 15 Figure I-1-1. Drug Biodisposition......Page 16 IONIZATION......Page 17 NOTE......Page 18 Figure I-1-2. Degree of Ionization and Clearance Versus pH Deviationfrom pKa......Page 19 CLINICAL CORRELATE......Page 20 MODES OF DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS A MEMBRANE......Page 21 BRIDGE TO PHYSIOLOGY......Page 22 PLASMA LEVEL CURVES......Page 23 BIOAVAILABILITY (F)......Page 24 Figure I-1-5. Area Under the Curve for an IV Bolus and Extravascular......Page 25 Figure I-1-6. Bioavailability and First-Pass Metabolism......Page 26 Distribution......Page 27 Biotransformation......Page 32 Elimination......Page 39 Steady State......Page 46 Pharmacokinetics Calculations......Page 53 Definitions......Page 55 Graded (Quantitative) Dose-Response (D-R) Curves......Page 58 Quantal (Cumulative) D-R Curves......Page 64 Signaling Mechanisms: Types of Drug-Responsive Signaling Mechanisms......Page 67 Practice Questions......Page 76 ANSWER KEY......Page 85 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 86 Part II: Autonomic Pharmacology......Page 93 Anatomy of the ANS......Page 94 Blood Pressure Control Mechanisms......Page 98 Pupillary Size and Accommodation Mechanisms......Page 104 Cholinergic Neuroeffector Junctions......Page 107 Muscarinic Receptor Activators......Page 113 Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists......Page 118 Nicotinic Receptor Antagonists......Page 121 Adrenergic Neuroeffector Junctions......Page 124 Direct-Acting Adrenoceptor Agonists......Page 131 Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Receptor Agonists......Page 137 Adrenergic Antagonists......Page 139 Glaucoma Treatment......Page 144 ANS Practice Problems......Page 148 ANS Practice Problems: Answers and Explanations......Page 158 Chapter 5: Autonomic Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 162 Practice Questions......Page 165 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 178 Part III: Cardiac and Renal Pharmacology......Page 188 Chapter 1: Diuretics......Page 189 Types of Diuretics......Page 191 Drug Strategy......Page 204 Thiazide Diuretics......Page 206 Drugs Altering Sympathetic Activity......Page 211 Direct-Acting Vasodilators......Page 214 Indications for Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Comorbid Conditions......Page 217 Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 220 Chapter 3: Drugs for Heart Failure......Page 222 Primary Treatments for CHF......Page 224 Inotropes......Page 226 Cardiac Action Potential......Page 230 Na+ Channels......Page 238 ANS Regulation of Heart Rate......Page 240 Class I: Na+ Channel Blockers......Page 241 Class II: Beta Blockers......Page 245 Class III: K+ Channel Blockers......Page 246 Class IV: Ca2+ Channel Blockers......Page 248 Unclassified......Page 250 Rationale for Use......Page 252 Key  Antianginal Drugs......Page 254 Cardiovascular Risks of Hyperlipidemia......Page 261 Lipid-Lowering Drugs......Page 263 Chapter 7: Cardiac and Renal Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 267 Practice Questions......Page 269 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 279 Part IV: CNS Pharmacology......Page 288 Drugs Used for Sedation, Sleep, Anxiety......Page 289 Chapter 2: Alcohols......Page 296 Chapter 3: Drugs Used for Depression, Bipolar Disorders, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 299 Drugs Used in Depression......Page 300 Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorders......Page 304 Drugs Used in ADHD......Page 306 Dopaminergic Neural Pathways......Page 308 Dopamine Receptors......Page 311 Drugs Used in Parkinson Disease......Page 312 Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 317 Drugs Used in Seizures......Page 322 General Anesthetics......Page 328 Local Anesthetics......Page 332 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 336 Properties of Opioids......Page 339 Chapter 8: Drugs of Abuse......Page 345 Chapter 9: CNS Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 349 Practice Questions......Page 352 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 365 Part V: Antimicrobial Agents......Page 375 Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy......Page 376 Inhibitors of Cell-Wall Synthesis......Page 379 Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis......Page 390 Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis......Page 401 Unclassified Antibiotic......Page 407 Antitubercular Drugs......Page 408 Polyenes (Amphotericin B [Amp B], Nystatin)......Page 411 Antiviral Drug Properties......Page 417 Treatment of HIV......Page 423 Other Antivirals......Page 428 Overview......Page 431 Chapter 5: Antimicrobial Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 434 Practice Questions......Page 436 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 448 Part VI: Drugs for Inflammatory and Related Disorders......Page 457 Histamine......Page 458 Drugs Used in Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)......Page 461 Antiemetics......Page 466 Drug Actions on 5HT Receptors......Page 468 Drugs Used in Migraine Headaches......Page 471 Eicosanoids......Page 473 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug (NSAIDs)......Page 480 Other Drugs......Page 486 Rheumatoid Arthritis......Page 488 Gout......Page 491 Glucocorticoid Properties......Page 495 Asthma Treatments......Page 498 Chapter 9: Inflammatory Disorder Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 505 Practice Questions......Page 509 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 521 Part VII: Drugs Used in Blood Disorders......Page 531 Anticoagulant Overview......Page 532 Thrombolytic Overview......Page 539 Antiplatelet Overview......Page 542 Chapter 4: Blood Disorder Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 545 Practice Questions......Page 547 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 551 Part VIII: Endocrine Pharmacology......Page 554 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 555 Insulins Forms......Page 558 Drugs for Type II Diabetes......Page 559 Adrenal Steroids......Page 567 Estrogens......Page 569 Progestins......Page 573 Oral Contraceptives......Page 575 Androgens......Page 576 Thyroid Hormones......Page 579 Chapter 4: Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones......Page 582 Osteoporosis Treatment......Page 584 Chapter 6: Endocrine Drug List and Practice Questions......Page 586 Practice Questions......Page 588 Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 593 Part IX: Anticancer Drugs......Page 597 Principles......Page 598 Drugs and Drug Properties......Page 600 Anticancer Drug Practice Questions......Page 607 Anticancer Drug Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 611 Part X: Immunopharmacology......Page 613 Immunosuppressants......Page 614 Immunopharmacology Practice Questions......Page 618 Immunopharmacology Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 620 Part XI: Toxicology......Page 621 Toxicology......Page 622 Toxicology Practice Questions......Page 631 Toxicology Practice Questions: Answers and Explanations......Page 633