Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade: 704

Description

This book compiles and presents a synopsis on current global research efforts to push forward the state of the art in dialogue technologies, including advances to the classical problems of dialogue management, language generation, question answering, human–robot interaction, chatbots design and evaluation, as well as topics related to the human nature of the conversational phenomena such as humour, social context, specific applications for e-health, understanding, and awareness Preface Acknowledgements Organization Committees Program Committee Local Organizing Committee Steering Committee Senior Steering Committee Contents About the Editors Chat-Based Agents A Character Expression Model Affecting Spoken Dialogue Behaviors 1 Introduction 2 Character Traits and Spoken Dialogue Behaviors 3 A Character Expression Model 3.1 Impression Evaluation of Character Traits on Varied Samples of Dialogue Behaviors 3.2 Training of Character Expression Model 4 Corpus-Based Analysis 4.1 Human-Robot Dialogue Corpus 4.2 Analysis Method 4.3 Analysis Result Among Dialogue Tasks 4.4 Analysis Result Among Operators 5 Subjective Evaluation 6 Conclusion References ToxicBot: A Conversational Agent to Fight Online Hate Speech 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Available Datasets 2.2 Hate Speech Detection 2.3 Hate Speech Intervention 3 System Architecture 3.1 Classification Model 3.2 Dialog Model 4 Results 5 Conclusions and Future Lines Appendix: Dialogue Survey Dialogue 1 (Combined System) Dialogue 2 (Combined System) Dialogue 3 (Dynamic History System) Dialogue 4 (Dynamic History System) Dialogue 5 (Dynamic Persona System) Dialogue 6 (Dynamic Persona System) References Towards a Humorous Chat-Bot Companion for Senior Citizens 1 Introduction 2 Design and Implementation 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Evaluation of Humour 4.2 Recall Test 4.3 Recognition Test 4.4 User Experience 4.5 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work References Masheli: A Choctaw-English Bilingual Chatbot 1 Introduction 2 Chatbot Background 3 Overview of the Choctaw Language 4 System Components 4.1 Question-Answer Corpus and Domain Knowledge 4.2 Dialogue Manager 5 Preliminary Evaluation 5.1 Pilot User Study 5.2 Language Experiments 6 Conclusions References Dialogue Evaluation and Analysis Deep AM-FM: Toolkit for Automatic Dialogue Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 AM-FM Framework 2.2 Relevance of Deep Learning 3 Adequacy Metric 4 Fluency Metric 5 Experimental Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Automatic Evaluation of Non-task Oriented Dialog Systems by Using Sentence Embeddings Projections and Their Dynamics 1 Introduction 2 Related Work: Datasets, Chatbot and Human Evaluation 3 Embedding Projections and Proposed Metrics 4 Results 4.1 Analysis of Results 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Dialogue Management and Pragmatic Models Learning to Rank Intents in Voice Assistants 1 Introduction 2 Task Description 3 Related Work 4 EnergyRank Algorithm 4.1 Multisource Denoising Autoencoder 4.2 Model Description 5 Experiments and Results 5.1 Evaluation Metrics 5.2 Datasets 5.3 Training Procedure 5.4 Results 6 Conclusion References Culture-Aware Dialogue Management for Conversational Assistants 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Corpus Description 4 Design and Implementation 4.1 Domain Design 4.2 Parameter Estimation 5 Evaluation 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Dialog State Tracking with Incorporation of Target Values in Attention Models 1 Introduction 2 Dialog State Tracker 2.1 DST Model with Conventional Attention 2.2 DST Model with Target Value Attention 3 Experiments 3.1 Experimental Condition 3.2 Results and Discussion 4 Summary References Delay Mitigation for Backchannel Prediction in Spoken Dialog System 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Neural Network for Classification 3.2 Early Loss (EL) Function for Prior Prediction 4 Experiments 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Features 4.3 Experimental Setup 4.4 Simulation Under Various Delay Condition 4.5 Baseline Models 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Towards Personalization of Spoken Dialogue System Communication Strategies 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Experimental Design 3.1 Communicative Traits 3.2 Subjective Features 3.3 Data Collection Tool 4 Data Collection 5 Results 5.1 Main Effects 5.2 Interaction Effects 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Dialogue Systems for e-health Authoring Negotiation Content and Programming Simulated Patients 1 Introduction 2 Related Work: Authoring Dialogue Exchanges 3 Negotiation Content 3.1 Asymmetries in Interactions 3.2 Authoring Negotiation Profiles 3.3 Use Case 4 Negotiation Logic 4.1 Negotiation Actions 4.2 Negotiation Strategies 5 Simulated Patients 5.1 Agent's Knowledge and Memory 5.2 Agent's Decision Making Strategies 6 Data Collection and Domain Shift 7 Conclusions and Future Work References A Spanish Corpus for Talking to the Elderly 1 Introduction 2 Dialogues in the EMPATHIC Framework 3 Resources for Building the Dialogue 3.1 Speech to Text Annotation 3.2 Semantic Annotation 3.3 Dialogue Act Annotation 4 Resources for Empathizing with the Elderly 4.1 Audio Annotation 4.2 Video Annotation 4.3 Text Annotation 5 Concluding Remarks References Analysis of Prosodic Features During Cognitive Load in Patients with Depression 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental Protocol 2.2 Speech Processing 2.3 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Future Work 6 Conclusion References Co-creating Requirements and Assessing End-User Acceptability of a Voice-Based Chatbot to Support Mental Health: A Thematic Analysis of a Living Lab Workshop 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Protocol 3 Context of Action Mental Health (AMH) 4 Results of the Thematic Analysis 5 Functional Requirements 6 Discussion 6.1 Use Case Scenario 1: Intelligent Reminders 6.2 Use Case Scenario 2: User Diary 7 Conclusion References Development of a Dialogue System that Supports Recovery for Patients with Schizophrenia 1 Introduction 2 Schizophrenia and Its Current Treatment Approach 2.1 Definition of Schizophrenia 3 Dialogue Systems for Schizophrenia Recovery and Treatment 3.1 Merits of Using Interactive Robots 3.2 Towards a Dialogue System for Schizophrenia Recovery 3.3 Ethical Consideration of Supporting Dialogue Systems 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Human-Robot Interaction Caption Generation of Robot Behaviors Based on Unsupervised Learning of Action Segments 1 Introduction 2 Natural Language Captions for Robot Action Sequences 2.1 Problem Setting and Related Work 2.2 Robot Task, Environment and Data in Simulator 2.3 Bridging Based on Encoder-Decoder 3 Robot Action Segmentation 3.1 Robot Action Segmentation Based on Clustering and Chunking 3.2 Segmentation Based on Attention Mechanism 3.3 Hybrid Method of Implicit and Explicit 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Settings 4.2 Automatic Evaluation with BLEU 4.3 Human Subjective Evaluation 4.4 Discussing Generated Sentences 5 Summary References Towards a Natural Human-Robot Interaction in an Industrial Environment 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Description of the Main System 3.1 Audio Acquisition 3.2 Automatic Speech Recognition 3.3 Knowledge Manager 3.4 Semantic Text Interpreter 3.5 Fusion Engine 4 Evaluation and Results 4.1 Quantitative Evaluation 4.2 Qualitative Evaluation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions and Further Work References Nudges with Conversational Agents and Social Robots: A First Experiment with Children at a Primary School 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Framework and Methodology 2.1 Experimental Design 2.2 Structure of the Experiment 3 Towards Quantifying Nudging Strategies: The Dictator Game 4 Corpus 4.1 Data Description 4.2 Annotations 4.3 Kappa: Inter-rater Agreement 5 Results: Automatic Detection of Mental States, Affect Bursts and Language Register Based on Paralinguistic Features and Linguistic Analysis of Non-verbal Information 5.1 Paralinguistic Detection of the User State 5.2 Contribution of Non-verbal Information for Mental States Characterisation 6 Towards an Automated Nudging Dialogue System 7 Conclusion References Exploring Boundaries Among Interactive Robots and Humans 1 Interactions and Robot Agents in Future Society 2 Situated Context-Aware Robot Agents 3 Boundaries to Cross 4 Co-creation of Interactive Innovations References Data Augmentation, Collection and Manipulation MixOut: A Simple Yet Effective Data Augmentation Scheme for Slot-Filling 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Approach 3.1 Slot-Filling for Task Oriented Dialogue 3.2 Data Augmentation 4 Experiments and Results 4.1 Model Architecture and Training 4.2 Performance Across Domains and Input Representations 4.3 Applicability to Other Languages 4.4 Cross Lingual Transfer Learning 4.5 Effect of Amount of Synthetic Data 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Towards Similar User Utterance Augmentation for Out-of-Domain Detection 1 Background 2 Similar User Utterance Augmentation 2.1 K-Best Similarity (KBS) 2.2 Average Similarity (AS) 2.3 Weighted Average Similarity (WAS) 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Corpus Description 3.2 Testing Setup 4 Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Augmentation with KBS 5.2 Augmentation with AS 5.3 Augmentation with WAS 5.4 Summary 6 Conclusions and Future Work References Response Generation to Out-of-Database Questions for Example-Based Dialogue Systems 1 Introduction 2 Human-Robot Speed-Dating Dialogue Corpus 3 Question Type 3.1 Definition of Question Type 3.2 Annotation of Question Type 3.3 Question Type Classification 4 Response Frame 4.1 Design of Response Frames 4.2 Annotation of Corresponding Response Frames 5 Response Frame Generation 5.1 Simple Seq2seq Model 5.2 Integration with Question Type Classification 6 Evaluation 6.1 Setup 6.2 Result 6.3 Generated Examples 6.4 Human Evaluation 7 Conclusion References Packing, Stacking, and Tracking: An Empirical Study of Online User Adaptation 1 Introduction 2 Expert Tracking and Online User Adaptation 2.1 Expert Tracking 2.2 Tracking as Online User Adaptation 2.3 Bousquet's Algorithm 3 Stacking 3.1 Stacking as Online User Adaptation 3.2 Data Augmentation for Stacking 4 Datasets 4.1 MPR Corpus and ROE Task 4.2 JMD Corpus and MIE Task 4.3 Characteristics of Datasets 5 Experimental Settings 5.1 Baselines (non-Adaptation Methods) 5.2 Experimentation Setups 6 Results 6.1 Run-Thorough Experiment 6.2 Initial Adaption Experiment 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion References Language Identification, Grammar and Syntax On the Use of Phonotactic Vector Representations with FastText for Language Identification 1 Introduction 2 Related Word 3 Model 3.1 Database 3.2 General Model 3.3 Phone-Grams Embeddings 3.4 Multiple Vector Embedding (MVE) 3.5 Acoustic System 4 Experiments 4.1 Baseline 4.2 Model Setup 5 Results 5.1 Phone-Gram Embeddings with Sub-word Information-FastText 5.2 Phone-Gram Embeddings Without Sub-word Information-Skipgram 5.3 LID—Results: Comparing Embeddings 5.4 Fusion with the Acoustic Model 6 Conclusions References The Influence of Syntax on the Perception of In-Vehicle Prompts and Driving Performance 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 3 Controlling Paraphrases 4 Validating the Data Elicitation Method 5 The Role of Syntax in a Dual-Task Environment 5.1 Evaluation of Subjective User Ratings 5.2 Evaluation of Objective Performance Measures 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions and Future Work References Learning Grammar in Confined Worlds 1 Introduction 2 From Complexity to Controlled Experiments References Corpora and Knowledge Management A Content and Knowledge Management System Supporting Emotion Detection from Speech 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Problem Statement 3 System Design 4 Conclusion and Future Work References A Script Knowledge Based Dialogue System for Indoor Navigation 1 Introduction 2 Functionalities 3 Data Acquisition 4 Implementation 5 Evaluation 6 Conclusion References Data Collection Design for Dialogue Systems for Low-Resource Languages 1 Introduction 2 Dialogue Corpus Construction 2.1 Design a Game with a Purpose 2.2 Data Collection 3 Conclusions and Future Work References Conversational Systems Research in Spain: A Scientometric Approach 1 Introduction 2 Method and Sample 3 Discussion of Results 3.1 Areas 3.2 Publishers and Document Types 3.3 Authors and Affiliations 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Author Index