Heterogeneous Catalysis: Materials and Applications

Description

Heterogeneous Catalysis: Materials and Applications focuses on heterogeneous catalysis applied to the elimination of atmospheric pollutants as an alternative solution for producing clean energy and the valorization of chemical products. The book helps users understand the properties of catalytic materials and catalysis phenomena governing electrocatalytic/catalytic reactions, and – more specifically – the study of surface and interface chemistry. By clustering knowledge in these fields, the book makes information available to both the academic and industrial communities. Further, it shows how heterogeneous catalysis applications can be used to solve environmental problems and convert energy through electrocatalytic reactions and chemical valorization. Sections cover nanomaterials for heterogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis mechanisms, SOX adsorption, greenhouse gases conversion, reforming reactions for hydrogen production, valorization of hydrogen energy, energy conversion and biomass valorization. Front Cover Heterogeneous Catalysis: Materials and Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Understanding heterogeneous catalysis: A brief study on performance parameters 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Catalysis fundamentals Heterogeneous catalyst Adsorption phenomenon Catalyst properties 1.3. Performance parameters 1.4. Conclusions Conflict of interest References Chapter 2: Use of CO2 as a source for obtaining value-added products 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Background 2.3. Catalytic transformations of CO2 The catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol Chemical production of monomers and derivatives from CO2 Carboxylation of methane with CO2 The influence of the Bronsted acid sites Catalytic synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer from CH4 and CO2 The role of supports Graphene support with ZnO 2.4. Neural kinetic models 2.5. Outlook Acknowledgments References Chapter 3: Transition metal-based catalysts for CO2 methanation and hydrogenation 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Thermodynamic aspects of CO2 methanation and CO2 hydrogenation The effect of temperature in CO2 methanation simulation under 1bar The effect of the pressure in CO2 methanation The effect of H2/CO2 ratio in CO2 methanation simulation Thermodynamic aspect of CO2 hydrogenation 3.3. Transition metal-based catalysts in CO2 methanation and CO2 hydrogenation Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation Introduction: High activity, barrier, e.g., deactivation, and stability of Ni catalysts Effect of the Ni loading and Ni dispersion Effect of the support on the performance of Ni-based catalysts On the effect of the promoter on the performance of Ni-based catalysts The other transition metal-based catalysts in CO2 methanation Noble metal-based catalysts The other non-noble metal-based catalysts Catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol 3.4. Proposed reaction mechanisms of CO2 methanation The CO hydrogenation mechanism The formate intermediate mechanism The presence of side reactions in CO2 methanation reaction 3.5. Future prospects: Assisted nickel catalysts for CO2 reduction: From photocatalysis to assisted plasma catalysis Ni-based catalysts for photocatalytic methanation Ni-based catalysts for assisted plasma-catalytic methanation 3.6. Conclusion References Chapter 4: Sorption enhanced catalysis for CO2 hydrogenation towards fuels and chemicals with focus on methanation 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Sorption enhanced catalysis for CO2 methanation Water sorbent Sorbent choice Regeneration of sorbents Other potential sorbents Catalytic metals and promoters Catalytically active metals Promoters Preparation of the bifunctional material Mixing and shaping route Catalytic metal loading route Other considerations for the bifunctional material preparation Characterization of the material Performance of the material Stability of the material Research systems and scale Fixed bed reactor system Fluidized bed reactor system Membrane reactor system Other considerations and novel reactor system application 4.3. Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgments References Chapter 5: Hydrogenation of CO2 by photocatalysis: An overview 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 5.3. Mechanism for photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 5.4. Important criteria for photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 5.5. Types of photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 Photothermal hydrogenation of CO2 Biophotocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 Photoredox hydrogenation of CO2 5.6. Reported heterogeneous photocatalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 TiO2 based photocatalysts Quantum dot based photocatalysts Cu-based photocatalysts Bismuth based photocatalysts WO3-based photocatalysts C3N4 based photocatalysts Complex oxide-based photocatalysts 5.7. Methods of reduction or hydrogenation of CO2 5.8. Limitations and important aspects for future perspectives 5.9. Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 6: The role of CO2 sorbents materials in SESMR for hydrogen production 6.1. Introduction 6.2. The steam methane reforming process 6.3. The SESMR process Deactivation Influence of the temperature Influence of the gas composition Influence of the H2O and CO2 Regeneration 6.4. Adsorbents CaO-based Alkaline materials Li-based adsorbents Na2ZrO3 adsorbents 6.5. Reactors 6.6. Conclusions 6.1IntroductionIn December 2015, the first universal agreement was signed between 195 countries and the European Union, in the References Further reading Chapter 7: Catalysts for syngas production by dry reforming of methane 7.1. Introduction 7.2. DRM heterogeneous catalysts Active sites and methods of synthesis Role of promoters Acidity and basicity influence Oxygen vacancies Supports Deactivation and regeneration 7.3. Final considerations References Further reading Chapter 8: Dry reforming of methane for catalytic valorization of biogas 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Biogas production, composition, and valorization Biogas production by anaerobic digestion Biochemical reactions Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis Microorganisms Phases of anaerobic digestion Biogas composition Biogas upgrading and purification Biogas cleaning methods Biogas upgrading methods Biogas valorization Methane utilization Carbon dioxide utilization Clean biogas utilization 8.3. Dry reforming of methane reaction: Advantages and disadvantages Context Mechanism of dry reforming of methane Deactivation of the catalytic material Catalyst deactivation by reoxydation Catalyst deactivation by coking Catalyst deactivation by sintering Catalytic deactivation by poisoning 8.4. Catalytic reforming of biogas Catalytic material Catalysts composition Active phase Support Promoter Synthesis methods Effect of pretreatment Thermal treatment under oxidative atmosphere: Effect of oxidation Thermal treatment under reductive atmosphere: Effect of reduction Reaction conditions Reaction temperature Pressure Inlet gas composition and flow rate Effect of flow rate Effect of gas composition 8.5. Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 9: Catalysts for steam reforming of biomass tar and their effects on the products 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Tar classification and properties 9.3. Theoretical approach of biomass tar reforming Catalytic steam reforming of methane Catalytic dry reforming of methane Catalytic tar reforming Carbon formation 9.4. Reactor characteristics Tar reforming parameters Effect of temperature on the steam reforming of methane Effect of the reaction pressure on the steam reforming of methane Effect of steam-to-carbon S/C ratio on the steam reforming of methane Process classification Semi-regenerative catalytic reformer process (SRCRP) Cyclic regenerative catalytic reformer process (CRCRP) Continuous catalytic regeneration reformer process (CCRRP) Reactor design One-step processes Fixed bed Fluidized bed Fluidized bed reactor for primary conversion Fluidization gas system Fluidized bed reactor for catalytic reforming Spouted bed reactor Two-step processes Two-stage fixed-fluidized bed reactor Two-stage fixed bed reactor 9.5. Catalysts for catalytic steam reforming Catalysts for steam reforming Bimetallic catalysts for steam reforming Nickel-iron bimetallic catalysts Nickel-cobalt bimetallic catalysts Cobalt-iron bimetallic catalysts Catalyst supports for catalytic reforming Particle bed supports Al2O3 based support Silica-based catalyst support Biochar-based support Other supports Monolithic catalyst support Ceramic foam as catalyst support 9.6. Catalytic steam reforming of methane and light hydrocarbons Methane steam reforming Effect of temperature on methane steam reforming Effect of steam-to-carbon ratio on methane steam reforming Methane, ethane, and propane steam reforming 9.7. Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil compounds Toluene reforming over Ni-CeO2/SBA-15 packed bed catalysts Effects of catalytic temperature and CeO2 loading content on the steam reforming of toluene Effect of the S/C ratio on the steam reforming of toluene Benzene reforming over NiO/ceramic foam catalysts Comparison to control experiment without NiO loading Effect of the temperature on steam reforming of benzene Effect of S/C ratio on the steam reforming of benzene Tar model compounds reforming over Ni/Al2O3 packed bed catalyst Effect of Ni loading on the carbon conversion of different tar model compounds Effect of Ni loading on the yields of different tar model compounds Biomass tar reforming over NiO/ceramic foam catalyst Effect of temperature on the steam reforming of biomass tar Effect of the S/C ratio on the steam reforming of biomass tar Biomass fuel gas reforming over NiO/monolithic porous ceramic catalysts Non-catalytic steam reforming of biomass fuel gas Catalytic steam reforming of biomass fuel gas Effect of reaction temperature on the steam reforming of biomass fuel gas Effect of S/C ratio on the steam reforming of biomass fuel gas Effect of metal loading on the steam reforming of biomass fuel gas 9.8. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 10: Heterogeneous catalysts for biomass-derived alcohols and acid conversion 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Alcohol conversion Methanol Ethanol Propanol and isopropanol Butanol 10.3. Diols 1,4-Butanediol 10.4. Carboxylic acids Acetic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid Succinic and adipic acids Malic and lactic acids Fatty acids 10.5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 11: Zinc oxide or molybdenum oxide deposited on bentonite by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method: New cata ... 11.1. Introduction Smectites applied as a catalytic support or a nanocomposite Zinc oxide applied as a catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel Molybdenum oxide applied as a catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel 11.2. Methods Synthesis methods and impregnations of Zn and Mo oxides Synthesis of ZnO Synthesis of the ZnO/bentonite hybrid Synthesis of h-MoO3 and α-MoO3 Synthesis of the MoO3/bentonite hybrid Characterization of the catalysts and catalytic testing products Catalytic tests 11.3. Recent advances ZnO and ZnO/bentonite hybrids applied as catalysts for obtaining biodiesel Catalytic test using ZnO and ZnO/bentonite hybrids MoO3 and MoO3/bentonite applied as catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel Evaluation of the massic form of MoO3 Use of MoO3/bentonite hybrids as catalysts 11.4. Conclusions 11.1IntroductionBiodiesel is a fuel obtained from the transesterification of oils and fats (Fig. 11.1) using strong acid References Chapter 12: Assisted catalysis: An overview of alternative activation technologies for the conversion of biomass 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Synergistic effect between catalysis and mechanical forces: Cellulose as a case study Cellulose: Hurdles faced by catalysis ``Physical´´ activation of cellulose The mechanocatalytic process 12.3. Sonocatalysis for the conversion of biomass Sonocatalytic conversion of lignocellulose Sonobiocatalysis 12.4. Electroconversion of biomass General principle of electrochemical conversion Electroactivation of biosourced carboxylic acids Oxidative electroconversion Reductive electroconversion 12.5. Conclusions References Chapter 13: Regenerable adsorbents for SOx removal, material efficiency, and regeneration methods: A focus on CuO-based a 13.1. Introduction Negative impacts of SO2 emissions Regulations of SO2 emissions Desulfurization methods Current FGD techniques The potential of metal oxides as SOx adsorbents 13.2. Role of the CuO support 13.3. Influence of the textural properties of the support 13.4. Influence of the preparation protocol and support treatment 13.5. Influence of active-phase loading 13.6. Doping CuO-based adsorbents with other metal oxides 13.7. Influence of the operational conditions of the adsorption step 13.8. Influence of the regeneration conditions 13.9. Aging and stability of the SOx adsorbents over time 13.10. Conclusions References Chapter 14: Solid oxide cells (SOCs) in heterogeneous catalysis 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Background of separation processes in heterogeneous catalysis 14.3. Electrode materials Electrode materials for oxidizing conditions Electrode materials for reducing conditions 14.4. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 15: Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and evolution reactions in solid oxide cells (SOCs): A brief review 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Oxygen reactions 15.3. Mixed ionic-electronic conductors 15.4. Experimental techniques to determine oxygen kinetics Isotope exchange depth profiling 18O-16O pulse isotopic exchange Oxygen exchange mechanism Electrical conductivity relaxation 15.5. Anode degradation in SOECs 15.6. Oxygen electrode materials (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ and (Ba,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ (LSCF and BSCF) Double perovskites Ruddlesden-Popper nickelates Layered Ca and Ba cobaltites 15.7. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 16: Catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER) in cells 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Hydrogen (H2) production by water splitting Fundamentals of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) Fundamentals of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) 16.3. Improving electrocatalyst materials 16.4. Perspectives 16.5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 17: Zeolitic imidazolate framework 67 based metal oxides derivatives as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution rea ... 17.1. Introduction Water splitting and hydrogen generation Oxygen evolution reaction Coordination polymers Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks 17.2. Recent advances ZIF-67 and its derivatives General aspects in the obtention of ZIF-67 derivatives Cobalt oxide-based electrocatalysts derived from ZIF-67 ZIF-67-derived cobaltites Bimetallic systems 17.3. Conclusions References Chapter 18: Electrochemical ammonia synthesis: Mechanism, recent developments, and challenges in catalyst design 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia Liquid electrolytes Molten salt electrolytes Solid oxide electrolytes 18.3. Basics of N2 reduction reaction Mechanisms of N2 reduction reaction (NRR) Computational modeling studies on electrochemical NRR Experimental studies on electrocatalyst development 18.4. Outlook 18.5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 19: Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity: A current overview 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Phenomenology and key aspects 19.3. Parameters to evaluate the NEMCA effect 19.4. Solid electrolytes Yttria-stabilized zirconia 19.5. Metal catalyst preparation 19.6. Measurement techniques 19.7. Summary of performed EPOC studies 19.8. Scaling up 19.9. Final remarks Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover