The Umayyad World

Description

The Umayyad World encompasses the archaeology, history, art and architecture of the Umayyad era (644– 750 CE). This era was formative both for world history and for the history of Islam. Subjects covered in detail in this collection include regions conquered in Umayyad times, ethnic and religious identity among the conquerors, political thought and culture, administration and the law, art and architecture, the history of religion, pilgrimage and the Qur’an, and violence and rebellion. Close attention is paid to new methods of analysis and interpretation, including source critical studies of the historiography and inter- disciplinary approaches combining literary sources and material evidence. Scholars of Islamic history, archaeologists, and researchers interested in the Umayyad Caliphate, its context, and influence on the wider world, will find much to enjoy in this volume. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Editor’s Acknowledgments Chapter One Introduction: The Umayyad World Notes Part I Political Culture Chapter Two Living Together: Social Perceptions and Changing Interactions of Arabian Believers and Other Religious Communities During the Umayyad Period Preliminaries Umayyads and Christians Before C. 690 The Umayyads and Christians C. 692–750 Notes Bibliography Chapter Three Prophetic Dominion, Umayyad Kingship: Varieties of Mulk in the Early Islamic Period Introduction Mulk in the Negative Mulk in the Positive Conclusion: the Varieties of Mulk Notes Bibliography Chapter Four Ethnicity, Power and Umayyad Society The Rise and Fall of the People of Maʿadd Maʿadd in Pre-islamic Arabia A Question of Method Maʿadd, Muhammad and the Conquests Maʿadd and the Umayyads: the Evidence of Poetry A Maʿadd-less Desert Maʿaddite Towns Continuity and Change: Maʿadd and Umayyad Power Maʿadd and the Genesis of Arab Identity Defensive Manoeuvres: Maʿadd as the Original Arab Reactionary Reflexes: Distancing Maʿadd from Arabness Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Five Umayyad Visual Culture and Its Models Portable Objects and Monuments as Models Contested Origins: Geometrical Ornaments Appropriation Processes and Late Antiquity’s Visual Koine Notes Bibliography Part II Scribes, Administration and Law Chapter Six Aspects of Umayyad Administration Introduction Administrative Divisions and Hierarchy Fiscal Administration The Poll Tax Forced Labour Marwanid Reforms and Memories of Administrative Change Multilingualism, Public Documents and the Arabian Background Memories of Changes and Perceptions of Administrative Violence Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Seven the Social and Economic Background of Provincial Administrators in Egypt Social Factors Behind a Classification of Administrators Towards a Social Typology of Officials Changes in the Social Composition of Administrators Notes Bibliography Chapter Eight the Umayyads and the Formation of Islamic Judgeship Judges Courts Procedures Justice and Umayyad Government Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Nine Al-awzaʿi and the Umayyad Influence on Islamic Legal Development Introduction Al-awzaʿi and His Works Al-awzaʿi Beyond His Extant Works Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Ten the Surrender Agreements: Origins and Authenticity Treaties Before the Conquests Treaties in Late Antiquity Treaties with the Arabians Local Surrender Agreements Before the Conquests The Mechanism of Surrender Surrender Agreements Made Following the Conquests The Terminology The Procedure of Surrendering Actual Copies of the Agreements The Structure of the Agreements The Characteristics of the Agreements A) Oath Formulae B) Stipulations C) Payments and Gifts Accompanying Surrender Detailed Agreements The Treaty of Alexandria The Treaty of Jerusalem Conclusion Notes Bibliography Part III Regions of the Umayyad World Chapter Eleven the Umayyad North1: (or: How Umayyad Was the Umayyad Caliphate?) The Umayyad Family and the Umayyad North Muʿawiya b. Abi Sufyan ʿAbd Al-malik and Muhammad b. Marwan ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Al-ʿAziz Maslama b. ʿAbd Al-malik Marwan b. Muhammad Sources on the Umayyads in the North Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Twelve Elites in the Countryside: the Economic and Political Factors Behind the Umayyad ‘desert Castles’ Introduction Umayyad ‘desert Castles’: A Short Survey of Four Sites Agriculture and Economy Umayyad Aristocratic Settlements as Agricultural Estates Politics and Diplomacy Decentralisation and Mobility Setting and Visual Expression of Power Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Thirteen the Umayyad Red Sea as an Islamic Mare Nostrum Introduction Revisionist Approaches to the Red Sea The Pre-Islamic Period Direct Connections – Grain Export and Pilgrimage Routes The Port of Ayla Mining and Agriculture in Ayla’s Hinterland Ports, Agriculture, and Mining in the Hijaz Ports and Mining in Southern Arabia Trade Connections with East Africa Conclusion: the Creation of an Islamic Mare Nostrum Notes Bibliography Chapter Fourteen the Umayyads and North Africa: Imperial Rule and Frontier Society Introduction The Muslim Conquest of North Africa Governing Ifriqiya A Frontier Province: the Role of the Military The Umayyads and Urban Investment The Aftermath Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Fifteen Conquest and Settlement: What al- Andalus can tell us about the Arab expansion at the time of the ... The West in the East Similarities and Dissimilarities in Futuh Accounts Non- Arab Troops in the Conquering Armies: The Case of the Berbers The Evidence of Coinage Notes Bibliograpy Chapter Sixteen Ecology, economy, and the conquest of Khurasan Introduction Sources Ecology and Economy As Motivating Forces for Early Muslim Ambitions in Khurasan Conclusion Notes Bibliography Part IV Pilgrimage in Mecca and Jerusalem Chapter Seventeen the Transition from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Western Arabia The Pre-islamic Hijaz and the World of Late Antiquity The Umayyad Hijaz Early Islam to Late Antiquity? Notes Bibliography Chapter Eighteen Ibn Al-zubayr, the Kaʿba and the Dome of the Rock Introduction: the Problem How Did the Meccan Kaʿba Become the Muslim Sanctuary? the Traditional Account The Historical Background to Ibn Al-zubayr’s Construction of the Kaʿba Did the Kaʿba Have a Role in the Hajj in the First Century of Islam? The Nature of Ibn Al-zubayr’s Work on the Kaʿba Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Nineteen Umayyad Jerusalem: from a Religious Capital to a Religious Town Muʿawiya ʿAbd Al-malik Al-walid The FadaʿIl Literature During the Umayyad Period The Umayyadsʿ Diminished Interest? Notes Bibliography Part V Religion and Identity in the Material Evidence Chapter Twenty Arabic Rock Inscriptions Up to 750 Ce Introduction Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions The Provenance of the Inscriptions Palaeographical Features in Early Inscriptions The Types of the Inscriptions 1a. Building Inscriptions 1b. Epitaphs 1c. Milestone Inscriptions 2a. Supplications to God 2b. Declarations of Faith 2c. Graffiti of the Type Ana Fulan 2d. Qurʿanic Quotations 2e. Waṣiyyas, Graffiti Offering Advice to the Readers 2f. Literary Graffiti 2g. Miscellaneous Graffiti Why Were Inscriptions Written? Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Twenty One the Written Transmission of the Qur.an During Umayyad Times: Contextualising the Codex Amrensis 11 Introduction Part One: the Description of the Codex A.1 The Codex A.1 and the Project Coranica History of the Codex A.1 Palaeography of Codex A.1 Codicology of the Codex A.1 Textual Analysis: Orthography Omission of Letters Additional Letters Different Letters Probable Copyists’ Errors or Traditional Practice Textual Analysis: Diacritical Signs Consonants Lam-alif Diacritical Marks and Variant Readings Textual Analysis: Division into Verses Part Two: Contextualising Codex A.1 Palaeography: Codex A.1 and the Lh/a and a Families Codicology Textual Comparison: A Tradition Against Others Orthography Diacritical Signs and Variant Readings Lam-alif Fa and Qaf Textual Division Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Twenty Two Christian Art and Visual Culture in Umayyad Bilad Al-sham Introduction Attitudes to Christian Buildings in the Literary Sources The Material Evidence Iconophobia Conclusions Notes Bibliography Part VI Limits of Empire Chapter Twenty Three Kharijism in the Umayyad Period Introduction The Sources Historical Overview of Kharijite Rebellions in the Umayyad Period Kharijite Thought Kharijism in Modern Scholarship Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Twenty Four Qurashi Marriage and the Roots of Revolt: the Rebellion of ʿAbd Allah b. Muʿawiya, 744–7471 Methodology The Family Background ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar the Politician The Marriages of ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar in Statistical Context The Marriages of Umm Kulthum Bt. ʿabd Allah and Her Siblings Qurashi Female Endogamy Ibn Mu.awiya Reconsidered Conclusion Notes Bibliography Chapter Twenty Five How the West Was Won: Unearthing the Umayyad History of the Conquest of the Maghrib Introduction Approaches to Early Islamic Historiography Excavating Ibn ʿabd Al-hakam’s Main Source for the Conquest of the Maghrib The Umayyad Origins of the Backbone Narrative Alternative Circulation of the Backbone Narrative The Backbone Narrative in Changing Contexts Conclusions Notes Bibliography Chapter Twenty Six Power, Law and Ideology in Umayyad Al-andalus Research on the Ideology of the Cordoban Umayyads – Principal Themes Malikism and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba Law and Ideology: Hisham I, Al-hakam I and the Jurists Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index