Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements

Description

Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as intravascular ultrasound. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements presents new developments, fundamental physics, instrumentation, system architecture, biological effects of ultrasound, and clinical applications that reflect this initiative. Keeping mathematical derivations to a minimum, this book begins with an overview of the field, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, and its role relative to other imaging modalities. The book proceeds to describe the fundamental physics involved, a detailed examination of the transducer, conventional imaging approaches, and Doppler measurements. The following chapters explore new developments such as flow, displacement, contrast, harmonic, intracavity, and 4-D imaging. The author concludes by reviewing current status and standards on bioeffects along with a unique chapter on measuring ultrasonic properties of tissues that can be found nowhere else. Emphasizing the engineering and signal processing aspects of ultrasound technology rather than taking a clinical perspective, Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements encourages and enables further advances in this established yet dynamic field. dk1305_fm.pdf DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements Preface Acknowledgment The Author Contents dk1305_ch01.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 1- Introduction 1.1 HISTORY 1.2 ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICAL IMAGING 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE BOOK REFERENCE FURTHER READING dk1305_ch02.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 2- Fundamentals of Acoustic Propagation 2.1 STRESS AND STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS 2.2 ACOUSTIC WAVE EQUATION 2.2.1 COMPRESSIONAL WAVE 2.2.2 SHEAR WAVE 2.3 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE 2.4 INTENSITY 2.5 RADIATION FORCE 2.6 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 2.7 ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND SCATTERING 2.7.1 ATTENUATION 2.7.2 ABSORPTION 2.7.3 SCATTERING 2.8 NONLINEARITY PARAMETER B/A 2.9 DOPPLER EFFECT REFERENCES dk1305_ch03.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 3- Ultrasonic Transducers and Arrays 3.1 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT 3.2 PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION 3.3 ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS 3.4 MECHANICAL MATCHING 3.5 ELECTRICAL MATCHING 3.6 TRANSDUCER BEAM CHARACTERISTICS 3.6.1 BEAM PROFILES 3.6.2 PULSED ULTRASONIC FIELD 3.6.3 VISUALIZATION AND MAPPING OF THE ULTRASONIC FIELD 3.6.4 AXIAL AND LATERAL RESOLUTION 3.6.5 FOCUSING 3.7 ARRAYS REFERENCES dk1305_ch04.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 4- Gray-Scale Ultrasonic Imaging 4.1 A (AMPLITUDE)-MODE AND B (BRIGHTNESS)-MODE IMAGING 4.1.1 RESOLUTION OF B-MODE ULTRASONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS 4.1.2 BEAM FORMING 4.1.3 SPECKLE 4.1.4 IMAGE QUALITY 4.1.4.1 Point Spread Function 4.1.4.2 Contrast 4.1.4.3 Noises 4.1.5 PHASE ABERRATION COMPENSATION 4.1.6 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 4.2 M-MODE AND C-MODE 4.3 ULTRASOUND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 4.4 CODED EXCITATION IMAGING 4.5 COMPOUND IMAGING 4.6 SYNTHETIC APERTURE IMAGING REFERENCES dk1305_ch05.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 5- Doppler Flow Measurements 5.1 NONDIRECTIONAL CW FLOW METERS 5.2 DIRECTIONAL DOPPLER FLOW METERS 5.2.1 SINGLE SIDEBAND FILTERING 5.2.2 HETERODYNE DEMODULATION 5.2.3 QUADRATURE PHASE DEMODULATION 5.3 PULSED DOPPLER FLOW METERS 5.4 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND DOPPLER INDICES 5.5 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS 5.6 TISSUE DOPPLER AND MULTIGATE DOPPLER REFERENCES dk1305_ch06.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 6- Flow and Displacement Imaging 6.1 COLOR DOPPLER FLOW IMAGING 6.2 COLOR DOPPLER POWER IMAGING 6.3 TIME-DOMAIN FLOW ESTIMATION 6.4 ELASTICITY IMAGING 6.4.1 ELASTOGRAPHY 6.4.2 SONOELASTICITY IMAGING 6.5 B-FLOW IMAGING REFERENCES dk1305_ch07.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 7- Contrast Media and Harmonic Imaging 7.1 CONTRAST AGENTS 7.1.1 GASEOUS AGENTS 7.1.2 ENCAPSULATED GASEOUS AGENTS 7.1.3 DILUTE DISTRIBUTION OF BUBBLES OF VARYING SIZE 7.2 NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND BUBBLES 7.3 MODIFIED RAYLEIGH–PLESSET EQUATION FOR ENCAPSULATED GAS BUBBLES 7.4 SOLUTIONS TO RAYLEIGH–PLESSET EQUATION 7.5 HARMONIC IMAGING 7.6 NATIVE TISSUE HARMONIC IMAGING 7.7 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONTRAST AGENTS AND HARMONIC IMAGING REFERENCES dk1305_ch08.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 8- Intracavity and High-Frequency (HF) Imaging 8.1 IMAGING 8.1.1 TRANSESOPHAGEAL CARDIAC IMAGING 8.1.2 TRANSRECTAL AND TRANSVAGINAL IMAGING 8.1.3 ENDOLUMINAL IMAGING 8.2 INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING 8.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY IMAGING 8.4 ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPES REFERENCES dk1305_ch09.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 9- Multidimensional Imaging 9.1 PARALLEL PROCESSING 9.2 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 9.2.1 TWO -DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 9.2.2 SPARSE ARRAYS 9.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING REFERENCES dk1305_ch10.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 10- Biological Effects of Ultrasound 10.1 ACOUSTIC PHENOMENA AT HIGH-INTENSITY LEVELS 10.1.1 WAVE DISTORTION 10.1.2 HEATING 10.1.3 CAVITATION 10.1.4 RADIATION FORCE AND STREAMING 10.2 ULTRASOUND BIOEFFECTS 10.2.1 THERMAL EFFECTS 10.2.2 THERMAL INDEX 10.3 MECHANICAL EFFECTS AND INDEX REFERENCES dk1305_ch11.pdf CONTENTS file://DK1305_FM.pdf CHAPTER 11- Methods for Measuring Speed, Attenuation, Absorption, and Scattering 11.1 VELOCITY 11.1.1 I N VITRO METHODS 11.1.1.1 Interferometric Method 11.1.1.2 Pulse–Echo Method 11.1.1.3 Velocity Difference Method 11.1.2 I N VIVO METHODS 11.2 ATTENUATION 11.2.1 IN VITRO METHODS 11.2.1.1 Transmission Methods 11.2.1.2 Transient Thermoelectric Method 11.2.2 IN VIVO METHODS 11.2.2.1 Loss of Amplitude Method 11.2.2.2 Frequency Shift Method 11.3 SCATTERING 11.3.1 IN VITRO METHODS 11.3.2 IN VIVO METHODS REFERENCES