Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery

Description

Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery, in the Drug Discovery Update series, presents complete coverage of the application of nanotechnology in the discovery of new drugs and efficient target delivery of drugs. The book highlights recent advances of nanotechnology applications in the biomedical sciences, starting with chapters that provide the basics of nanotechnology, nanoparticles and nanocarriers. Part II deals with the application of nanotechnology in drug discovery, with an emphasis on enhanced delivery of pharmaceutical products, with Part III discussing toxicological and safety issues arising from the use of nanomaterials. This book brings together a global team of experts, making it an essential resource for researchers, drug developers, medicinal chemists, toxicologists and analytical chemists. Cover Half Title Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery Copyright Contents List of contributors Part 1. Fundamentals, Trends and Advances in Nanotechnology 1. Roles of nanoparticles in drug discovery and delivery 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of nanoparticles 1.2.1 Lipid nanoparticles 1.2.2 Polymer-based nanoparticles 1.2.3 Inorganic component-based nanoparticles 1.3 Application of nanoparticles 1.3.1 Drug release profile 1.3.2 Gene delivery 1.3.3 Pulmonary delivery 1.3.4 Antimicrobial delivery 1.3.5 Brain targeting 1.3.6 Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution 1.3.7 Mucoadhesive delivery 1.3.8 Skin delivery 1.3.9 Macrophage uptake 1.3.10 Nanotheranostics 1.4 Summary and conclusion References 2. Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for effective delivery 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nutraceuticals 2.3 Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements 2.4 Nanoencapsulation techniques for nutraceuticals 2.4.1 Emulsification technique 2.4.2 Nanoprecipitation technique 2.4.3 Coacervation technique 2.5 Encapsulated nutraceuticals for drug delivery 2.5.1 Nanoemulsions 2.5.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.5.3 Magnetic nanoparticles 2.5.4 Nanoliposomes 2.5.5 Nanophytosomes 2.6 Conclusion Abbreviations References 3. Nanoformulation of antioxidant supplements 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nanoformulations methods 3.2.1 Emulsion solvent evaporation method 3.2.2 Solvent displacement method 3.2.3 Supercritical fluid technology 3.2.4 Template synthesis method 3.2.5 Chemical precipitation technique 3.2.6 Nanoprecipitation 3.3 Nanoformulations for antioxidants 3.3.1 Natural or plant-derived nanoantioxidants 3.3.1.1 Nanocurcumin 3.3.1.2 Nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate 3.3.1.3 Nanogenistein 3.3.1.4 Nanoquercetin 3.3.1.5 Nanoresveratrol 3.3.1.6 Nanorosmarinic acid 3.3.2 Chemical and synthetic nanoantioxidants 3.3.2.1 Silica nanoparticles 3.3.2.2 Gold nanoparticles 3.3.2.3 Silver nanoparticles 3.3.2.4 Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles 3.3.2.5 Cerium oxide nanoparticles 3.3.2.6 Dual nanoantioxidant 3.3.2.7 Polymeric nanoantioxidant 3.3.2.8 Metal nanoantioxidants 3.4 Antioxidants in nanomedicine 3.4.1 Vitamin C 3.4.2 Vitamin E 3.4.3 Beta-carotene 3.4.4 Selenium 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of nanofomulation of antioxidant supplements 3.6 Future perspective and conclusion Abbreviations References 4. Nanophytomedicines: nature to medicines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nanophytomedicines 4.3 Therapeutic potentials of nanophytomedicine 4.4 Nanophytomedicines with improved target binding ability 4.5 Nanophytomedicines and their oral bioavailability 4.6 Nanophytomedicine with improved safety 4.7 Toxicity of nanophytomedicine 4.8 Regulatory aspects and ethical issues associated with nanophytomedicine 4.9 Challenges encountered in nanophytomedicine 4.10 Current progress and future prospects References 5. Characterization of nanoparticles: methods and techniques 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Differential scanning calorimetry 5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 5.4 Scanning electron microscopy 5.5 Transmission electron microscopy 5.6 X-Ray diffraction 5.7 Encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading capacity, and percentage of recovery 5.8 Topical nanoparticle strategies 5.9 Drug release studies of nanoparticles 5.9.1 Drug release study of nanoparticles for oral dosage forms 5.9.2 Drug release study of nanoparticles for topical dosage forms 5.10 Solubility of nanoparticles 5.11 Toxicity effects of nanoparticles 5.11.1 In vitro toxicity effect 5.11.1.1 In vivo toxicity effect for topical administration of nanoparticles 5.11.1.2 In vivo toxicity effects for oral administration of nanoparticles 5.12 Stability enhancement of nanoparticles 5.13 Future projection and conclusion References Part 2. Nanopharmaceutical Applications In Clinical Practice 6. Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical products 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Comparison of traditional and nanodrug delivery 6.2.1 Essentials of drug delivery system 6.2.2 Conventional versus novel drug delivery system 6.2.3 Carrier-based drug delivery system 6.2.4 Nanodrug delivery system as a carrier-based drug delivery system 6.3 Pharmaceutical products through nanotechnology 6.3.1 Classification of nanopharmaceutical products 6.3.1.1 Nanomaterials 6.3.1.2 Nanodevices 6.4 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical processes 6.4.1 Drug delivery 6.4.2 Gene therapy 6.4.3 Medical diagnosis 6.4.4 Drug discovery 6.4.5 Other novel applications 6.5 Challenges in nanotechnology-based drug delivery system 6.6 Conclusion and future perspectives References 7. Advances in nanotechnology for drug discovery and design 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanomaterials, nanotechnology, and nanobiotechnology 7.2.1 Nanomaterials 7.2.2 Nanotechnology 7.2.3 Nanobiotechnology 7.3 Role of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in biomedicine 7.3.1 Biopolymer nanoparticles 7.3.2 Protein and polysaccharide nanoparticles 7.3.3 Liposomes 7.3.4 Polymeric micelles 7.3.5 Nanocrystals 7.3.6 Quantum dots 7.3.7 Dendrimers 7.3.8 Metallic nanoparticles 7.4 Hurdles and challenges 7.5 Future perspectives 7.6 Summary and conclusion References Further reading 8. Nanomedicine for diabetes mellitus management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Type 1 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine 8.3 Type 2 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine 8.4 Insulin delivery and nanotechnology 8.4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles 8.4.2 Ceramic nanoparticles 8.4.3 Polymeric micelles 8.4.4 Dendrimers 8.4.5 Liposomes 8.4.6 Other nanoparticles 8.5 Nanopumps 8.6 Insulin delivery via inhalation 8.7 Transplanted pancreatic islets nanoencapsulation 8.8 Biological microelectromechanical systems for insulin delivery 8.9 Nanotechnology in noninsulin remedy 8.9.1 Artificial pancreas 8.9.2 Nanopore immunoisolation tools 8.9.3 Nanorobotics 8.10 Nanotechnology applications in the management of diabetes-related complications 8.10.1 Nanotechnology in diabetic retinopathy 8.10.2 Nanotechnology in diabetes-induced foot ulcers 8.10.3 Nanotechnology in other diabetes-associated complications 8.11 Advantages of using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management 8.12 Limitations in using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management 8.13 Conclusion References 9. Nanotechnological application of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Benefits of peptide and protein therapeutics in biomedicine 9.3 Challenges with peptide- and protein-based therapeutics 9.4 Excipients used in synthesis of protein and peptide nanoparticles 9.4.1 Gliadin 9.4.2 Milk protein 9.4.3 Legumin 9.4.4 Elastin 9.4.5 Albumin 9.4.6 Gelatin 9.4.7 Zein 9.4.8 Soy protein 9.5 Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of protein based therapeutics nanomaterials 9.5.1 Therapeutic application 9.5.1.1 Ocular disease applications 9.5.1.2 Application in cancer treatment 9.5.1.3 Applications of nanoparticles of protein-based therapeutics in treatment of other diseases 9.5.2 Diagnostic applications 9.5.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles 9.5.2.2 Carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles 9.5.2.3 Other diagnostics using protein-based therapeutic nanoparticles 9.6 Improving stability using protein-based therapeutics nanoparticles 9.6.1 Physical stability enhancement 9.6.2 Biological stability improvement 9.7 Evaluation parameters and formulation techniques for protein/peptide nanoparticles 9.7.1 Emulsification method 9.7.2 Desolvation method 9.7.3 Electrospray method 9.7.4 Complex coacervation method 9.8 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles of proteins and peptides 9.8.1 Routes 9.8.1.1 Oral route 9.8.1.2 Blood-brain barrier routes 9.8.1.3 Nasal route 9.8.1.4 Pulmonary route 9.8.2 Antibiotics 9.8.3 Delivery of nonviral gene 9.8.4 Immunological adjuvant 9.8.5 Treatment of diseases 9.9 Concerns about peptide- and protein-based nanoparticles 9.10 Future prospects 9.11 Conclusion Abbreviations References 10. Nanodrug delivery systems in cancer therapy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Currently available conventional cancer therapy 10.3 Drug delivery systems 10.4 Drug carriers 10.4.1 Types of drug carriers 10.4.1.1 Microspheres 10.4.1.2 Polymeric micelles 10.4.1.3 Liposomes 10.4.1.4 Nanodiamonds 10.4.1.5 Nanofibers 10.5 Protein nanoparticles 10.6 Anticancer nanoparticle drugs 10.7 Application of nanodrug delivery systems 10.8 Drawbacks of using nanodrug delivery 10.9 Conclusion and future perspectives References 11. Nanotechnology interventions in neuroscience: current perspectives and strategies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanotechnology in neuroimaging 11.3 Nanotechnology in neurodiagnostic 11.4 Nanotechnology in neurological devices 11.5 Nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions for neural disorders 11.5.1 Organic nanoparticles 11.5.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 11.5.3 Impact of nanomaterials in neuroscience: clinical trials and case studies 11.5.3.1 APH-1105 11.5.3.2 CNM-Au8 11.5.3.3 CNM-Au8 in visionary MS 11.5.3.4 Patisiran 11.5.4 Neuropsychiatric drugs 11.6 Future perspectives References 12. Nanotechnology application for effective delivery of antimalarial drugs 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nanotechnology approaches for antimalarial 12.3 Nano-based drug preparation materials 12.3.1 Lipid nanoemulsion 12.3.2 Polymeric micelles 12.3.3 Lipid-based delivery systems 12.3.4 Lipid nanoparticles 12.3.5 Liposomes 12.4 Nano-based drug delivery for malarial treatment 12.5 Nanocarriers for antimalarial drug 12.5.1 Mesoporous silica as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs 12.5.2 Liposomes as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs 12.5.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles 12.5.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers 12.5.5 Microemulsions and nanoemulsions 12.5.6 Polymeric nanoparticles 12.6 Nanocapsules 12.7 Challenges of nanotechnology for antimalarial drugs 12.8 Conclusion and future prospects Abbreviations References 13. Applications of nanotechnology in lung cancer 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Classification of nanoparticles 13.3 Relationship between nanoparticles and drug delivery 13.4 Lung cancer 13.5 Nanotechnology application in targeting lung cancer 13.5.1 Passive targeting 13.5.2 Active targeting 13.6 Advantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery 13.7 Disadvantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery 13.8 Conclusion References Part 3. Toxicology and Safety Issues 14. Toxicity of nanomaterials in drug delivery 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Applications of nanomaterials in drug delivery: a brief overview 14.3 Cellular uptake and metabolomics of nanomaterials in a biological system 14.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in biological systems: potential exposure routes 14.4.1 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the nervous system 14.4.2 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the liver 14.4.3 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the pulmonary system 14.4.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the kidney 14.4.5 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the integumentary system 14.5 Potential mechanisms of nanomaterials toxicity in biological systems 14.5.1 Generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress 14.5.2 Inflammation 14.5.3 DNA damage 14.6 Future perspective and conclusion References 15. In vitro and in vivo toxicity of metal nanoparticles and their drug delivery applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Metal nanoparticles 15.2.1 Gold nanoparticles 15.2.2 Silver nanoparticles 15.2.3 Copper nanoparticles 15.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles 15.2.5 Novel metal nanoparticles 15.3 In vitro toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles 15.3.1 Gold and silver nanoparticles 15.3.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles 15.3.3 Novel metal nanoparticles 15.4 In vivo toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles 15.4.1 Mouse models 15.4.2 Zebrafish 15.4.3 Drosophila 15.4.4 Other animal models 15.5 Drug delivery applications of metal nanoparticles 15.5.1 Cancer treatment 15.5.2 Diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases 15.5.3 Other diseases 15.6 Future perspective 15.7 Conclusion References Index