The Courteous Power: Japan and Southeast Asia in the Indo-Pacific Era

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The Courteous Power seeks to provide a nuanced view of the current relationship between Japan and Southeast Asia. Much of the current scholarship on East–Southeast Asian engagement has focused on the multidimensional chess game playing out between China and Japan, as the dominant post-imperialist powers. Alternatively, there has been renewed attention on ASEAN and other Southeast Asian–centered initiatives, explicitly minimizing the influence of East Asia in the region. Given the urgency of understanding the careful balance in the Indo-Pacific region, this volume brings together scholars to examine the history and current engagement from a variety of perspectives, ranging from economic and political, to the cultural and technological, while also focusing more clearly on the specific relationship between the region and Japan. Cover Half-title Series page Title page Copyright information Table of contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 | From the Fukuda Doctrine to the FOIP: The Evolution of Japanese Engagement in Southeast Asia Phases of Japanese Engagement Economic Engagement with Strategic Subordination The Fukuda Doctrine and a More Activist Approach Added Autonomy after the Cold War Abe and the Indo- Pacific Era Understanding Japan’s Importance in Southeast Asia Relations on the International Political Plane The Roles of Non-State Actors: Business, Development, and Culture Conclusion Notes Part I: Relations on the International Political Plane 2 | Japan as the Key to Southeast Asian Diversification The Relevance of Diversification Distinguishing Hedging and Diversification The Merits of Diversifying Japan’s Facilitation of Southeast Asian Diversification Aid Diversification Trade and Investment Diversification Diversifying through Multilateral Diplomacy The New Frontier: Maritime Security Implications for Regional Order Notes 3 | Japan’s Defense and Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Developing Security Networks, Capacities, and Institutions Security Networking Joint Training and Exercises Bilateral Defense Diplomacy Formation of the “Vientiane Vision”: A Comprehensive Approach Capacity Building Regional Security Cooperation: Institutional Development Conclusion Notes 4 | Wedge Strategies, Japan–ASEAN Cooperation, and the Making of the EAS: Implications for Indo-Pacific Institutionalization “Wedge Strategies” in Multilateral Institutions: The Case of ASEAN The EAS Establishment Process: Tug-Of-War among Japan, China, and ASEAN Member States Analysis: Japan and ASEAN Cooperation Conclusion: Implications for the Indo-Pacific Notes 5 | Japan’s Relations with ASEAN: Unity and Diversity in a Changing Regional Environment Japan in the Changing Regional Environment: The “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy” Japan’s Relationship to ASEAN The Importance of Intra-ASEAN Unity ASEAN and Vietnam’s Invasion/Occupation of Cambodia ASEAN and the Financial Crisis 1997–1999 Japan, ASEAN and the FOIP: How Should Japan Manage Its Relations with ASEAN? Conclusion Notes 6 | Not Quite a Follower: ASEAN’s Response to Japan’s Regional Initiatives Why Regional Initiatives? Case 1: The Nakayama Proposal and the ASEAN Regional Forum Membership Policy Areas Normative Values ASEAN’s Responses Membership Policy Areas Normative Values Case 2: The Koizumi Vision and ‘ASEAN+6’ Framework of the East Asian Summit Membership Policy Areas Normative Values ASEAN’s Responses Membership Policy Areas Normative Values Case 3: The Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy and ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific Membership Policy Areas Normative Values ASEAN’s Responses Membership Policy Areas Normative Values Conclusion Notes Part II: Development, Culture, and the Roles of Non-State Actors 7 | From Japan Inc. to the FOIP: The Evolving Role of Japanese Businesses in Japan’s Southeast Asia Policy ODA and Investment (1960s–1980s) Japanese Businesses and Regional Economic Policy (1990s–2000s) Economics and Security Mixed in the FOIP Era (2010s and Beyond) Diversifying Foreign Policy and Diversifying Businesses Co-existence of Strategic and Business Interests Conclusion Notes 8 | The Japanese Business Community as a Diplomatic Asset and the 2014 Thai Coup d’État The U.S. and Japanese Critiques of the 2014 Thai Coup The Junta Reaching Out: Japanese Business in Bangkok Japan as the Third Choice for Thailand? The Role of the Japanese Business Community Conclusion NotesThe author would like to acknowledge support for this research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Kakenhi grant numbers 19H04349, 17H02230, and 19K12505. 9 | Japan’s NGOs and Effective Development Cooperation in Mekong Countries Japanese NGOs in Aid Processes Emergence: Pre-1995 Turning Point: Post-1995 The Indo-Pacific Era: A Struggle for Growth and Independence Japan and Development in Mekong Countries: Interactions between Japanese and Local Actors Development of the Mekong Region and Japan’s Aid Policy: Pre-2009 From the Tokyo Strategy for Mekong–Japan Cooperation to the FOIP Strategy Water Resources Management and the Green Mekong Initiative Conclusion Notes 10 | Japan–Southeast Asia Engagements on the Ground: Japanese Women in Southeast Asia Contemporary Transnational Mobility of Japanese Women to Southeast Asia The Pull of Southeast Asia as a Destination New Japanese Women Migrants and the Desire for Self-Discovery Work Employment: Serving as a Linguistic and Cultural Bridge Japanese Working Women as Local Hires Japanese Language Teachers Becoming Entrepreneurs in Local Communities: Creating Opportunities for Engagements Japanese Women in Philanthropy Transnational Marriage: Japanese Women Marrying Local Southeast Asians Conclusion Notes 11 | Revisiting “Cool Japan”: The Southeast Asian Gaze toward Japanese Manga and Anime What Is Soft Power? “Look to Japan” FANtasizing Japan Hijab Cosplay in Indonesia Duterte Manga/Anime Doraemon Tofu Conclusion Notes 12 | Japan as a Courteous Power: Continuity and Change in the Indo-Pacific Era Japan’s Distinctive Modes of Influence A Courteous Power Why Be Courteous? Influence via Diplomacy and Defense Impact on Economic and Political Development Grassroots Interactions and “Soft Power” Continuity and Change in the FOIP Era A Widening Security Role Boosting Economic Connectivity The Question of Democratic Values ASEAN Centrality Looking Forward Notes Contributors Index