Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912-1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context

Description

After establishing the Spanish Protectorate in Northern Morocco (1912-1956), Spain needed to create a system of colonial policies for the territory it was now to govern. Education became one instrument among many at the service of colonization. Spain created its own colonial educational model based on Spanish schools, Spanish-Arab schools and Spanish-Jewish schools, which coexisted with Koranic madrasas and Talmudic, Alliance Israelite Universelle and nationalist schools. The institutions created for Moroccans by the Spaniards united tradition -the Arabic and Hebrew languages and Muslim and Jewish religions- with the models and principles of the schools in Spain at the time. The end goal was to instruct the population according to a pro-Spanish, colonizer-friendly ideology in order to control the society and territory in a way that complemented military policies. The coup d'etat led by General Franco in Spain in 1936 brought about a change in policy in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. The Franco government's innovation was to Moroccanize the teaching paradigm, which transformed the Spanish-Arab educational model into a Moroccan model. The Spanish-Arab concept gave way to a Moroccan concept, which entailed the recognition of a national identity based on linguistic and religious precepts on the part of Spain. This process of Moroccanization did not develop under the same terms in other parts of the country, which gave the Spanish Protectorate its distinctive traits. Spain developed a policy that combined educational and cultural aspects through a discourse of Spanish-Arab brotherhood. The establishment of cultural institutions was a sign of this symbiosis and the policy became an important part of how the regime presented itself abroad. Front Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Foreword by Ana I. Planet Contreras Preface by Series Editor, Nigel Townson Note on Transliteration Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Cover Illustrations Map Introduction 1 Education in Pre-Colonial Morocco Traditional Education in Pre-Colonial Morocco The European Missionary Schools: The Alliance Israélite Universelle and the Franciscan Friars The Beginning of Colonial Educational Policy in Morocco 2 Defining an Educational Policy in Spanish Morocco An Intervention Proposal for Muslim Education Colonial Educational Organization Inspecting the Schools 3 The Colonial Educational Model I: Spanish-Arab Schools and Spanish-Jewish Schools Defining an Educational Model: Spanish-Arab Schools The Process of Creating Spanish-Arab Schools Problems with the Spanish-Arab Education Model Spanish-Jewish Schools 4 The Colonial Educational Model II: Spanish Schools The Spanish School Network Improvements in Education, Schooling and Buildings Spanish Schools in the Protectorate’s Most Important Cities 5 Nationalist Education and the Response to Colonial Policies The Role of Schools in Creating the Nationalist Ideology Opening Nationalist Schools in Spanish Morocco 6 Interventionism in Muslim Education Unsuccessful Attempts at Intervention in Muslim Education The Supreme Council on Islamic Education and the Beginning of Successful Spanish Intervention in Muslim Education Muslim Education from Intervention to Spanish Dependence 7 The Moroccanization of Education and the Discourse on Spanish-Arab Brotherhood The Moroccanization of Education The Development of Secondary Schooling and the Creation of Textbooks The Discourse on Spanish-Arab Brotherhood Conclusion Appendix Chronology Transcription of Institutions and Place Names Notes Bibliography Index Back Cover