Manual for eye examination and diagnosis

Description

Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis Contents Preface Introduction to the eye team and their instruments 1 Medical history Medical illnesses Diabetes mellitus Autoimmune (Graves’) thyroid disease Medications (ocular side effects) Allergies to medications Family history of eye disease 2 Measurement of vision and refraction Visual acuity Optics Emmetropia (no refractive error) Ametropia Refraction Trial case and lenses Trial frame Streak retinoscopy (“flash”) Manifest Contact lenses Candidates for contact lenses Fitting contact lenses Determination of lens power Types of contact lens Common problems Refractive surgery 3 Neuro-ophthalmology Eye movements Strabismus Complications of strabismus Wirt stereopsis test (Fig. 78) Near point of convergence (NPC) (Fig. 79) Accommodative esotropia (Figs 80 and 81) Nonaccommodative esotropia (Figs 82–84) Measurement of the amount of eye-turn with prisms Prism cover test for measurement of eye-turn (Fig. 87) Hirschberg’s test Causes of strabismus Demonstration of paralytic strabismus Cranial nerves III–VIII Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Abducens nerve (CN VI) Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Nystagmus Normal nystagmus Abnormal nystagmus Optic nerve (CN II) Intraocular causes for loss of optic nerve fibers Extraocular causes for loss of optic nerve fibers The pupil Sympathetic nerve Pupillary light reflex (Fig. 123) Visual field testing Scotomas due to ocular and optic nerve disease Scotomas due to brain lesions Color vision Circulatory disturbances affecting vision Tests for decreased circulation 4 External structures Lymph nodes Lacrimal system Tearing (epiphora) Tearing due to failure of drainage system Lids Blepharoptosis (also called ptosis) Lashes Phakomatoses Anterior and posterior blepharitis 5 The orbit Sinusitis Clues that may indicate disease of the orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos 6 Slit lamp examination and glaucoma Cornea Corneal epithelial disease Corneal endothelial disease Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) Conjunctiva Sclera Glaucoma Glaucoma vs. glaucoma suspect The iridocorneal angle The optic disk (optic papilla) Signs of nerve fiber damage (Figs 312–317) Visual field defects pathognomonic of glaucoma (Fig. 318) Surgical procedures for open-angle glaucoma Angle-closure glaucoma Uvea Malignant melanoma Inflammation of the uvea (uveitis) Sarcoidosis Nematodes Syphilis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Sympathetic ophthalmia Cataracts Laser-assisted cataract surgery Some complications of cataract surgery 7 The retina and vitreous Retinal anatomy The macula The optic disk Fundus examination Fluorescein angiography Papilledema (choked disk) Pseudopapilledema Retinal blood vessels Hypertensive retinopathy Retinal vein occlusion Retinal artery occlusion Diabetic retinopathy Depth of retinal hemorrhages Age-related macular degeneration Central serous chorioretinopathy Pseudoxanthoma elasticum White and yellow retinal lesions Albinism Retinitis pigmentosa Retinoblastoma Retinopathy of prematurity Vitreous Posterior vitreous detachment Retinal holes and detachments Pars plana vitrectomy Appendix 1: Hyperlipidemia Appendix 2: Amsler grid Index EULA