Nonwood Plant Fibers for Pulp and Paper

Description

Nonwood Plant Fibers for Pulp and Paper examines the use of nonwood plant fibers for pulp and paper, worldwide pulping capacity of nonwood fibers, categories of non-wood raw materials, problems associated with the utilization of non-wood fibers, pulping, bleaching, chemical recovery and papermaking of nonwood raw materials, the use of nonwood plant fibers in specific paper and paperboard grades, and the advantages and drawbacks of using nonwood fiber for papermaking and future prospects. This book gives professionals in the field the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of- the-art techniques and aspects involved in pulp and paper making from nonwood plant fibers. Nonwood Plant Fibers for Pulp and Paper Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 General Background 1.2 Taxonomy 1.3 Monocots (monocotyledons) 1.4 Dicots (dicotyledons) 1.5 Anatomy 1.6 Useful fibers 1.7 Nonwood fiber identification 1.8 Straw morphology considerations 1.9 Depithing References Further reading Relevant websites 2 Considerations for use of nonwood fiber References Relevant websites 3 Worldwide pulping capacity of nonwood fibers References Relevant websites 4 Categories of nonwood raw materials 4.1 Categories of nonwood raw materials 4.2 Agricultural residues 4.2.1 Sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) 4.2.2 Corn stalks (Zea mays) 4.2.3 Cotton stalks (Goossypium) 4.2.4 Rice straw (Oryza sativa) 4.2.5 Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) 4.2.6 Cereal straw 4.3 Natural growing plants 4.3.1 Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) 4.3.2 Esparto (Stipa tenacissima) 4.3.3 Reeds (Phragmites communis Trinius) 4.3.3.1 Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata) 4.3.4 Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) 4.4 Nonwood crops grown mainly for their fiber content 4.4.1 Bast fibers 4.4.1.1 Jute 4.4.1.2 Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) 4.4.1.3 Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) 4.4.1.4 Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 4.4.1.5 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) 4.4.1.6 Flax tow (Linum usitatissimum) 4.4.2 Leaf fibers 4.4.2.1 Abaca (Manila hemp) (Musa textilis) 4.4.2.2 Sisal (Agave sisalana) 4.4.3 Seed hair fibers 4.4.3.1 Cotton fibers 4.4.3.2 Cotton linters 4.4.3.3 Cotton rags References Further reading Relevant websites 5 Problems associated with the use of nonwood fibers and how they are approached 5.1 Storage and handling 5.2 Pulping 5.3 Bleaching 5.4 Papermaking 5.5 Chemical recovery References Further reading Relevant websites 6 Handling, storage, and preparation of nonwood raw materials for pulping References Further reading Relevant websites 7 Pulping properties/pulping 7.1 Pulping properties of nonwoody raw materials 7.1.1 Gramineous fiber materials 7.1.1.1 Bast fiber materials 7.1.1.2 Seed hull fiber materials 7.1.1.3 Leaf fiber materials 7.2 Pulping of nonwoody raw materials 7.2.1 Alkaline pulping 7.2.1.1 Soda pulping 7.2.1.2 Kraft process 7.2.1.3 NACO pulping 7.2.1.4 SAICA pulping 7.2.2 Sulfite pulping 7.2.2.1 Neutral sulfite process 7.2.2.2 Alkaline–sulfite process 7.2.3 Organosolv pulping 7.2.3.1 Methanol pulping 7.2.3.2 Ethanol pulping 7.2.3.3 Organic acid pulping 7.2.4 Chemimechanical pulping and other pulping methods 7.2.4.1 CMP and CTMP processes 7.2.4.2 Alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping process 7.2.4.3 Steam explosion pulping 7.2.4.4 Extrusion pulping (Bivis) 7.2.4.5 Mild acid cooking method 7.2.4.6 Biopulping 7.3 Washing, screening, and purification of nonwood pulp References Further reading Relevant websites 8 Bleaching 8.1 General background 8.2 Bleaching of nonwood pulps References Relevant websites 9 Chemical recovery 9.1 The chemistry of silica 9.1.1 Mineral composition, especially silica 9.2 Desilication of black liquor 9.2.1 Partial desilication by raw material cleaning 9.2.2 Spontaneous partial desilication of black liquor by storing (ageing) 9.2.3 Desilication of black liquor by lime addition 9.2.4 Desilication by black liquor by carbonation 9.3 Desilication of green liquor 9.4 Soda recovery 9.5 Alternative recovery processes 9.5.1 Direct alkali recovery system 9.5.1.1 Advantages 9.5.1.2 The constraints References Further reading Relevant websites 10 Beating/refining and papermaking 10.1 Beating/refining characteristics of nonwood pulp 10.2 The papermaking performance of nonwood pulp 10.2.1 The strength properties of wet paper 10.2.2 The adhesion properties of wet paper 10.2.3 Drainage properties of nonwood pulps References Relevant websites 11 Use of nonwood plant fibers in specific paper and paperboard grades References Further reading Relevant websites 12 Advantages and disadvantages of using nonwood fiber for papermaking References Further reading Relevant websites 13 The future References Relevant websites Index