Pathology of HIV/AIDS

Description

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown until the early 1980's but since then has infected millions of persons in a worldwide pandemic. The result of HIV infection is relentless destruction of the immune system leading to onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The AIDS pandemic has already resulted in the deaths of over half its victims. All HIV-infected persons are at risk for illness and death from opportunistic infectious and neoplastic complications because of the inevitable manifestations of AIDS. Version 29......Page 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 6 BIOLOGY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS......Page 9 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS SUBTYPES......Page 24 OTHER HUMAN RETROVIRUSES......Page 26 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV/AIDS......Page 30 RISK GROUPS FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION......Page 39 NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV INFECTION......Page 40 PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION......Page 44 IDIOPATHIC CD4+ T-LYMPHOCYTOPENIA......Page 49 PREVENTION OF HIV TRANSMISSION......Page 50 TREATMENT FOR HIV/AIDS......Page 52 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS......Page 70 PEDIATRIC HIV INFECTION AND AIDS......Page 94 CRITERIA FOR AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX......Page 98 OTHER CAUSES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION......Page 99 PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI INFECTIONS......Page 100 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 104 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 106 CRYPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS......Page 115 HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 117 TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTIONS......Page 125 HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM INFECTIONS......Page 127 COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS INFECTIONS......Page 129 GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS......Page 130 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 133 KAPOSI SARCOMA......Page 144 MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS......Page 147 OTHER NEOPLASMS......Page 153 RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 157 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 178 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 198 PERIPHERAL NERVE AND MUSCLE PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 216 OPHTHALMIC PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 223 LYMPH NODE PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 227 SPLEEN IN HIV/AIDS......Page 233 BONE MARROW AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN HIV/AIDS......Page 235 THYMUS IN HIV/AIDS......Page 240 ENDOCRINE ORGAN PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 242 HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 245 CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 253 GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 259 DERMATOPATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 267 PANCREAS IN HIV/AIDS......Page 282 PREGNANCY AND THE PLACENTA IN HIV/AIDS......Page 284 HEAD AND NECK PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 285 BONE, JOINT, AND SOFT TISSUE PATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 288 CYTOPATHOLOGY IN HIV/AIDS......Page 292 PEDIATRIC HIV/AIDS......Page 293 EDUCATIONAL GOALS......Page 300 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS......Page 301 OSHA REGULATIONS......Page 303 OCCUPATIONAL AND NON-OCCUPATIONAL HIV EXPOSURES......Page 307 INVASIVE AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES......Page 310 THE SURGICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY......Page 312 THE HIV/AIDS AUTOPSY......Page 313 ATHLETICS AND HIV INFECTION......Page 316 DEATH INVESTIGATION AND CERTIFICATION IN HIV/AIDS......Page 319 CAUSE AND MODE OF DEATH WITH HIV INFECTION......Page 320 ETHICAL ISSUES ARISING FROM THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC......Page 322 HIV TESTING AND COUNSELING......Page 324