Image-Guided Interventions (Expert Radiology Series)

Description

Completely revised to reflect recent, rapid changes in the field of interventional radiology (IR), Image-Guided Interventions, 3rd Edition, offers comprehensive, narrative coverage of vascular and nonvascular interventional imaging—ideal for IR subspecialists as well as residents and fellows in IR. This award-winning title provides clear guidance from global experts, helping you formulate effective treatment strategies, communicate with patients, avoid complications, and put today’s newest technology to work in your practice. Offers step-by-step instructions on a comprehensive range of image-guided intervention techniques, including discussions of equipment, contrast agents, pharmacologic agents, antiplatelet agents, and classic signs, as well as detailed protocols, algorithms, and SIR guidelines. Includes new chapters on Patient Preparation, Prostate Artery Embolization, Management of Acute Aortic Syndrome, Percutaneous Arterial Venous Fistula Creation, Lymphatic Interventions, Spinal and Paraspinal Nerve Blocks, and more. Employs a newly streamlined format with shorter, more digestible chapters for quicker reference. Integrates new patient care and communication tips throughout to address recent changes in practice. Highlights indications and contraindications for interventional procedures, and provides tables listing the materials and instruments required for each. Features more than 2,300 state-of-the-art images demonstrating IR procedures, full-color illustrations of anatomical structures and landmarks, and video demonstrations online. 2014 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Radiology category! Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Image-Guided Interventions: Expert Radiology Series......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Dedication......Page 4 In Memoriam......Page 5 Contributors......Page 6 Preface......Page 16 ENDOVASCULAR MILESTONES......Page 18 Arterial Endovascular Therapy: Revascularization and Vessel Reconstruction......Page 19 Urologic Interventions......Page 23 SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 25 Laboratory Test and Coagulation Profile......Page 28 Fasting......Page 29 Management of Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Agents......Page 30 Contrast Use in Dialysis and Diabetic Patients......Page 32 Immediate Preprocedure Check......Page 33 Chronic Arterial Insufficiency......Page 35 Acute Arterial Insufficiency......Page 36 RISK FACTORS......Page 37 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 38 SUMMARY......Page 41 OVERSEDATION......Page 44 Airway Compromise......Page 45 Respiratory Distress......Page 46 CONTRAST REACTIONS......Page 47 Stochastic Effects......Page 50 Tissue Reactions......Page 51 Protective Equipment......Page 52 Operational Safeguards......Page 53 Dosimetry......Page 54 RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM......Page 55 Needs of Individual Patient......Page 57 PRECAUTIONS FOR PROVIDING ANALGESIA AND SEDATION......Page 58 Epinephrine......Page 60 Remifentanil......Page 61 Propofol......Page 63 Dexmedetomidine......Page 64 BASIC SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 67 Guidewires......Page 68 Catheters......Page 70 Sheaths......Page 72 CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 73 Alternative Contrast Agents......Page 76 Common Femoral Artery Access......Page 77 Axillary/High Brachial Artery Access......Page 79 Translumbar Aortic Access......Page 80 Common Femoral Vein Access......Page 81 Subclavian Vein Access......Page 82 Intravascular Ultrasonography......Page 83 Invasive Devices......Page 88 Subclavian Artery......Page 92 Vertebral Artery......Page 93 Costocervical Trunk......Page 94 Axillary Artery......Page 95 Radial Artery......Page 97 Ulnar Artery......Page 99 VENOUS SYSTEM......Page 100 REFERENCES......Page 104 10 - Vascular Anatomy of the Lower Limb......Page 105 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 112 CDT......Page 113 CDT......Page 114 CONTROVERSIES......Page 116 CDT......Page 117 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 118 Technical Aspects......Page 120 OUTCOMES......Page 121 COMPLICATIONS......Page 123 Distal Upper Extremity Arterial Disease......Page 125 IMAGING OF UPPER EXTREMITY ARTERIES......Page 126 CTA for AIOD......Page 129 Diagnostic Arteriography......Page 130 Conservative......Page 131 PREPROCEDURE PATIENT EVALUATION......Page 134 Endovascular Equipment......Page 135 Infrarenal Aortic Revascularization......Page 136 Common Iliac Artery Revascularization......Page 137 External Iliac Revascularization......Page 138 COMPLICATIONS......Page 139 PROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 140 LEXICON AND NOMENCLATURE UPDATES......Page 143 IMAGING OF VASCULAR ANATOMY......Page 144 Management of Hypertension......Page 145 EVIDENCED-BASED REVASCULARIZATION......Page 146 ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES......Page 147 Atherectomy Methods: Devices and Their Advantages and Limitations......Page 149 Laser Plaque Ablation: Advantages and Limitations......Page 150 Nitinol Stents......Page 152 Drug-Eluting Stents......Page 153 PHARMACOTHERAPY DURING AND AFTER INTERVENTION......Page 155 Acknowledgment......Page 156 Imaging......Page 160 Technical Aspects......Page 161 CONTROVERSIES......Page 162 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 165 VASCULAR TUMORS......Page 168 Infantile Hemangiomas......Page 169 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS......Page 170 Capillary Malformations......Page 173 Venous Malformations......Page 174 Lymphatic Malformations......Page 175 Arteriovenous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulae......Page 177 Combined Vascular Malformations......Page 178 Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome......Page 179 Proteus Syndrome......Page 180 EQUIPMENT......Page 186 Technical Aspects......Page 191 CHOICE OF SCLEROSANT......Page 194 COMPLICATIONS......Page 196 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 197 Congenital Hemangioma......Page 200 Liver Vascular Tumors in Childhood......Page 201 Embolization......Page 202 Embolization and Surgery......Page 204 Complications......Page 205 CONCLUSION......Page 206 Hepatic Artery Variations......Page 209 INFERIOR VENA CAVA......Page 214 Diameter and Length......Page 218 TECHNICAL ASPECTS......Page 219 Fenestrated-Chimney EVAR......Page 221 CONTROVERSIES......Page 222 ENDOLEAKS AND MANAGEMENT......Page 223 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 224 Custom-Made Fenestrated Zenith Device......Page 228 Custom-Made Fenestrated Anaconda Device......Page 229 PROCEDURE PLANNING......Page 230 TECHNIQUE OF STENT INSERTION......Page 231 FEVAR in Cases of Preexisting EVAR......Page 232 Mortality......Page 233 Secondary Reintervention......Page 234 POST-PROCEDURE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP......Page 236 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 239 Access Vessels for Main Device Delivery......Page 240 Access Vessels for Target Vessel Cannulation and Covered Stent Graft Extension......Page 241 Prevention of Paraplegia......Page 242 CONCLUSION......Page 246 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOLEAKS......Page 249 SIGNIFICANCE AND INCIDENCE OF ENDOLEAKS......Page 250 Diagnosis of Endoleaks with Computed Tomography......Page 252 Diagnosis of Endoleaks with Ultrasonography......Page 253 Diagnosis of Endoleaks with Intraarterial Angiography......Page 254 ALTERNATIVE FOLLOW-UP POSSIBILITIES......Page 255 Treatment of Type I Endoleaks......Page 256 Transcaval Sac Puncture......Page 257 Treatment of Type V Endoleaks......Page 259 INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION......Page 263 TEVAR Versus Open Surgery for Complicated Type B Aortic Dissection......Page 266 CONCLUSIONS......Page 267 Celiac Axis......Page 270 Superior Mesenteric Artery......Page 272 Superior Mesenteric Vein......Page 273 Portal Venous System......Page 275 Arterial Supply......Page 278 Venous Supply......Page 279 DIAGNOSIS......Page 280 MANAGEMENT......Page 281 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 282 Variant Anatomy......Page 283 Embolic Options......Page 284 Technical Considerations......Page 285 Embolization Technique......Page 286 COMPLICATIONS......Page 288 POSTPROCEDURAL CARE AND FOLLOW-UP......Page 289 DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP......Page 292 EQUIPMENT......Page 294 ANATOMY AND APPROACH......Page 295 TECHNICAL ASPECTS......Page 298 OUTCOMES......Page 299 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 301 28 - Acute Mesenteric Ischemia......Page 306 Arterial Thromboembolism......Page 307 Intraarterial Vasodilators......Page 308 Angioplasty......Page 309 CONTROVERSIES......Page 310 COMPLICATIONS......Page 311 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 312 Anatomy and Approaches......Page 315 Technical Aspects......Page 317 CONTROVERSIES......Page 319 COMPLICATIONS......Page 321 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 322 Venous Supply......Page 326 Computed Tomographic Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography......Page 328 Catheter Angiography......Page 329 Adrenal Vein Sampling......Page 332 Acknowledgments......Page 333 Renal Artery Thromboembolism......Page 334 Spontaneous/Iatrogenic Renal Artery Dissection......Page 335 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 336 Anatomy and Approaches......Page 337 Diagnosis and Treatment: Technical Aspects......Page 338 CONTROVERSIES......Page 339 COMPLICATIONS......Page 340 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 341 Renal Artery Aneurysms......Page 344 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 345 Technical Aspects......Page 346 Arteriovenous Fistulas......Page 347 Total Embolization......Page 348 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 349 Technique......Page 351 Transjugular Liver Biopsy......Page 352 Transjugular Liver Biopsy......Page 353 CONCLUSIONS......Page 354 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 356 Procedure......Page 357 OUTCOMES......Page 359 CONTROVERSIES......Page 360 Radioembolization......Page 363 Side Effects and Complications......Page 367 Colorectal Cancer......Page 368 Chemoembolization......Page 369 Neuroendocrine Tumors......Page 370 Other Tumors......Page 371 INDICATIONS......Page 376 EQUIPMENT......Page 377 Neuroendocrine Tumor......Page 378 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 379 Liver Metastasis......Page 381 Technical Aspects......Page 382 Choice of Embolic Agent......Page 384 Induced Hypertrophy......Page 385 SIRT and Contralateral Hypertrophy......Page 386 COMPLICATIONS......Page 387 Hepatic Artery Stenosis......Page 390 Indications......Page 391 Splenohepatic Arterial Steal Syndrome......Page 393 CAVAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 394 Indications......Page 396 Technique......Page 398 IMAGING FINDINGS......Page 402 ANGIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE......Page 403 Embolization Technique—Liver......Page 404 COMPLICATIONS......Page 405 Distal Splenic Artery Embolization......Page 411 Hypersplenism......Page 412 Nontraumatic Splenic Rupture......Page 413 Vascular Abnormalities of the Splenic Artery......Page 414 CONCLUSION......Page 415 RELEVANT ANATOMY......Page 417 Sandwich Occlusion......Page 418 Balloon or Stent-Assisted Detachable Coil Embolization Using Remodeling Technique......Page 419 Renal Artery Aneurysms......Page 420 Hepatic Ischemia/Infarction......Page 421 CONCLUSION......Page 424 Anterior Division......Page 426 Posterior Division......Page 431 VEINS......Page 437 EQUIPMENT......Page 441 Technical Aspects......Page 442 FERTILITY AND PREGNANCY AFTER UTERINE FIBROID EMBOLIZATION......Page 443 COMPLICATIONS......Page 444 PERIPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 445 IMAGING......Page 449 Catheters and Microcatheters......Page 450 Clinical Pitfalls and Pearls......Page 451 Balloon Tamponade......Page 452 Embolization......Page 453 Acknowledgments......Page 454 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 457 Technical Aspects......Page 458 OUTCOMES......Page 460 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 461 EQUIPMENT......Page 463 Technical Aspects......Page 464 COMPLICATIONS......Page 465 Acknowledgments......Page 466 Technical Aspects......Page 468 COMPLICATIONS......Page 471 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 472 High-Flow/Nonischemic/Arterial Priapism......Page 475 RELEVANT ANATOMY......Page 476 CAVERNOSOMETRY AND CAVERNOSOGRAPHY......Page 480 RETROGRADE VENOUS OCCLUSION IN VENOUS LEAK ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION......Page 482 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE......Page 486 PERIPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 489 CURRENT LITERATURE......Page 490 THE FUTURE OF PAE: CHEMOEMBOLIZATION OF PROSTATE CANCER?......Page 491 Clinical Importance......Page 493 Coronary Artery Nomenclature......Page 495 Anomalous Coronary Arteries......Page 496 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation......Page 497 Left Subclavian Artery......Page 500 Intercostal Arteries......Page 502 Esophageal Arteries......Page 503 Somatic Venous Drainage of the Chest......Page 504 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE......Page 505 DIAGNOSIS......Page 508 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 509 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION......Page 510 LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY......Page 511 CONTROVERSIES......Page 512 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 517 Stent-Grafting for Entry Closure in Acute Type B Aortic Dissection......Page 518 Ancillary Interventions......Page 519 AORTIC INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA......Page 521 Management of Intramural Hematoma......Page 523 Management of PAU......Page 525 Bronchial Artery Anatomy......Page 528 COMPLICATIONS OF EMBOLIZATION FOR HEMOPTYSIS......Page 534 UNUSUAL CAUSES OF HEMOPTYSIS......Page 535 INDICATIONS......Page 541 EQUIPMENT......Page 542 Technical Aspects......Page 543 OUTCOMES......Page 545 INDICATIONS FOR PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION......Page 550 MODERN INTERVENTIONAL METHODS......Page 551 Anticoagulation......Page 552 Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis......Page 555 Electronic Clot Fragmentation......Page 556 Rheolytic Thrombectomy......Page 558 CONTROVERSIES......Page 559 PERFECT Multicenter Registry......Page 560 POSTPROCEDURAL ANTICOAGULATION AND CARE......Page 562 External Carotid Artery......Page 565 Internal Carotid Artery......Page 568 Intracranial Segments of Internal Carotid Artery......Page 569 Vertebrobasilar System......Page 571 Branches of the Circle of Willis......Page 572 Alternative Collateral Circulation......Page 573 Middle Cerebral Artery......Page 574 Posterior Cerebral Artery......Page 575 CRANIOCERVICAL VEINS......Page 576 Superficial Venous System......Page 577 Veins of Posterior Fossa......Page 578 Cavernous Sinus and Its Venous Connections......Page 579 Transverse and Sigmoid Sinuses and Torcular Herophili......Page 580 Vertebral Venous System, Emissary Veins, and Veins of Craniocervical Junction......Page 581 Pitfalls......Page 582 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY......Page 585 Arteries of the Vertebral Body......Page 588 Intersegmental Artery Trunks......Page 589 Longitudinal Arterial Chains of the Spinal Cord......Page 590 Radicular Arteries......Page 593 INTRINSIC ARTERIAL VASCULARIZATION......Page 597 SPINAL ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 598 Basic Spinal Digital Subtraction Angiography Principles......Page 600 Technical Pitfalls......Page 602 58 - Use of Skull Views in Visualization of Cerebral Vascular Anatomy......Page 607 Left Middle Cerebral Artery Strokes......Page 629 Anterior Cerebral Artery Strokes......Page 630 Basilar Artery Strokes......Page 631 RAPID NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT......Page 632 THE 60-SECOND NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION......Page 633 EQUIPMENT......Page 636 TECHNIQUE......Page 637 Antiplatelet Agents......Page 638 Hemodynamic Instability......Page 640 OUTCOMES......Page 641 CONCLUSIONS......Page 642 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 644 EQUIPMENT......Page 646 Primary Aspiration Approach......Page 648 Primary Stent Retriever Approach......Page 649 COMPLICATIONS......Page 650 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 651 Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease......Page 653 ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT......Page 654 EQUIPMENT......Page 655 Technical Aspects......Page 656 CONTROVERSIES......Page 657 COMPLICATIONS......Page 658 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 659 Juvenile Nasal Angiofibromas......Page 661 Congenital Vascular Malformations......Page 662 Carotid Occlusion and Tumor Embolization Followed by Resection......Page 664 Carotid Blowout Syndrome......Page 665 Radiotherapy and Concomitant Intraarterial Cisplatin/Intraarterial Chemotherapy......Page 666 Carotid Blowout Syndrome......Page 667 Anatomy and Approaches......Page 668 Carotid Blowout Syndrome......Page 669 General Embolization Procedures in the Head and Neck......Page 670 RADPLAT/Intraarterial Chemotherapy......Page 671 Carotid Blowout Syndrome......Page 672 RADPLAT/Intraarterial Chemotherapy......Page 673 Carotid Occlusion and Tumor Embolization Followed by Resection......Page 674 RADPLAT/Intraarterial Chemotherapy......Page 675 EQUIPMENT......Page 679 Liquid Embolic Agents......Page 680 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 681 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 684 TREATMENT......Page 685 Flow-Diverter Devices......Page 686 Anatomy and Approaches......Page 690 Technical Aspects......Page 692 Complications......Page 694 Outcomes......Page 695 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 697 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING......Page 699 MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CERVICAL ARTERY DISSECTION......Page 700 LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF DISSECTING ANEURYSMS AND PERSISTENT STENOSIS......Page 701 INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION......Page 707 Radiographic Technique......Page 708 Management of Venous Thrombosis Before Stenting......Page 709 Stent Placement......Page 710 COMPLICATIONS......Page 711 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 712 EQUIPMENT......Page 714 Iliac Vein Catheterization......Page 715 Preliminary Balloon Dilation......Page 716 OUTCOMES......Page 717 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 718 Equipment......Page 721 Anatomic Considerations......Page 722 Technical Aspects......Page 723 Outcomes......Page 725 Complications......Page 726 Primary Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: Paget-Schroetter Syndrome......Page 727 Treatment Approaches......Page 728 Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis......Page 729 Complications......Page 730 Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care......Page 731 IMAGING......Page 734 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 735 Carbon Dioxide Wedged Hepatic Venography......Page 736 Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis After Liver Transplantation......Page 737 Results......Page 738 Technique......Page 739 Complications......Page 740 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 743 Technical Aspects......Page 744 OUTCOMES......Page 746 Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval......Page 747 Advanced Filter Retrieval Techniques......Page 748 Complications of IVC Filter Retrieval......Page 750 Saphenous Ablation......Page 753 Thermal Ablation......Page 754 Nonthermal Ablation......Page 755 TREATMENT OUTCOMES......Page 756 CONTROVERSIES......Page 757 LOST GUIDEWIRE AND CATHETER FRAGMENTS......Page 761 LOST ENDOVASCULAR STENTS......Page 762 KNOTTED CATHETER......Page 763 CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS PLACED IN AN ARTERY......Page 764 AIR EMBOLISM......Page 765 Pitfalls in Renal Vein Renin Sampling......Page 767 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 768 Technical Aspects......Page 771 CONTROVERSIES......Page 773 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 774 POSTPROCEDURE......Page 775 CONCLUSION......Page 776 Budd-Chiari Syndrome......Page 778 EQUIPMENT......Page 779 Approach and Technique......Page 780 Technical Aspects......Page 781 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 782 Anatomy and Approach......Page 786 Gastrorenal Shunt......Page 788 Pericardiophrenic Vein......Page 789 Technical Aspects......Page 790 CONTROVERSIES......Page 792 OUTCOMES......Page 793 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 794 INDICATIONS......Page 797 SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY......Page 798 OUTCOMES......Page 799 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 800 Patient Evaluation and Preparation......Page 802 Graft Access......Page 803 Pharmacologic Methods......Page 804 Endpoint of Treatment......Page 805 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 806 Patient Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria......Page 808 Outcomes......Page 809 Outcomes......Page 810 COMMONALITIES OF BOTH DEVICES/TECHNIQUES......Page 811 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 814 Procedural Supplies......Page 815 Cephalic Vein......Page 816 Ultrasound-Guided Placement of a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter......Page 817 Internal Jugular Vein Insertion......Page 818 Catheter Insertion Complications......Page 819 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 821 EQUIPMENT......Page 825 Anatomy and Approach......Page 826 Catheter Malposition or Kinking......Page 828 Thrombosis/Central Stenosis......Page 829 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 830 Anatomy and Approach......Page 832 Technical Aspects......Page 833 Alternative Access......Page 836 Tip Position......Page 837 Port Selection: Material, Size, and Number of Lumina......Page 838 COMPLICATIONS......Page 840 Migration/Malposition......Page 841 Infection......Page 842 Pinch-Off Syndrome......Page 843 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 846 Anatomy and Approaches......Page 850 Thoracic Duct Access......Page 851 COMPLICATIONS......Page 854 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 855 Contraindications......Page 858 Equipment and Technique......Page 859 Adrenal Gland......Page 860 Preprocedural Evaluation......Page 861 Collections in the Peripancreatic and Posterior Epigastric Spaces......Page 862 Complications......Page 863 Postprocedural and Follow-Up Care......Page 864 Achalasia......Page 869 Esophageal Varices......Page 870 Malignant Esophageal Strictures......Page 871 Song Stent......Page 872 Balloon Dilation of Benign Strictures......Page 873 Achalasia......Page 874 Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 875 Stent Placement for Esophageal Cancer......Page 876 Malignant Disease......Page 877 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 878 EQUIPMENT......Page 881 Fluoroscopic Guidance......Page 882 Endoscopic-Fluoroscopic Guidance......Page 884 Stent Placement Versus Bypass Surgery......Page 885 OUTCOMES......Page 886 COMPLICATIONS......Page 887 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 889 EQUIPMENT......Page 893 Fluoroscopic Guidance/Radiologic Technique (Over the Wire)......Page 895 CONTROVERSIES......Page 896 OUTCOMES......Page 897 Preoperative Stenting......Page 898 Palliative Stenting......Page 899 Cost-Effectiveness......Page 900 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 901 Patient Preparation......Page 905 Technique......Page 906 Postprocedural and Follow-up Care......Page 907 Gastrostomy Tube Types......Page 908 Button Gastrostomy......Page 909 Hybrid PEG/PRG Gastrostomy......Page 910 Complications......Page 911 TRANSGASTRIC JEJUNOSTOMY......Page 912 Direct Percutaneous Jejunostomy......Page 913 Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage......Page 916 Left Hepatic Lobe......Page 917 Right Hemiliver......Page 918 Evaluation of Preprocedural Imaging Studies......Page 919 Ascites......Page 920 Right-Sided Biliary Drainage......Page 922 Primary (Immediate) Stent Placement......Page 923 Bile Duct Biopsy......Page 924 External Biliary Drains......Page 925 Other Special Circumstances......Page 926 COMPLICATIONS......Page 927 Peripheral Intrahepatic Benign Biliary Strictures......Page 929 TECHNIQUE......Page 930 Sequential Transhepatic Balloon Dilation Protocol......Page 931 Retrievable Stents for Central Benign Biliary Strictures......Page 932 COMPLICATIONS......Page 933 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 934 EQUIPMENT......Page 938 Anatomy and Approach......Page 940 COMPLICATIONS......Page 941 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 942 EQUIPMENT......Page 945 Technical Aspects......Page 946 Equipment......Page 948 CONTROVERSIES......Page 949 POSTPROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 950 EQUIPMENT......Page 952 Biliary Access: Percutaneous Cholecystolithotomy......Page 953 Accessing the Ducts......Page 955 Percutaneous Cholecystolithotomy......Page 956 Acknowledgments......Page 957 Microwave Ablation......Page 959 PRETREATMENT IMAGING......Page 960 POSTTREATMENT ASSESSMENT AND FOLLOW-UP......Page 961 COMPLICATIONS......Page 962 PATIENT PREPARATION......Page 963 Hepatocellular Carcinoma......Page 964 Neuroendocrine Tumors......Page 965 EQUIPMENT......Page 970 Anatomy and Preprocedural Care......Page 973 OUTCOMES......Page 974 CRYOABLATION VERSUS RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION......Page 975 CONCLUSION......Page 976 Technique......Page 979 Contraindications......Page 981 Postprocedural and Follow-up Care......Page 983 Technique......Page 984 Outcomes......Page 985 Technique......Page 986 Thermal and Chemical Ablation......Page 987 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 992 Needle Size and Access Set......Page 993 Accessing Minimally Dilated and Nondilated Systems......Page 995 Transplant Nephrostomies......Page 996 Technique for Antegrade Stent Insertion......Page 997 Uventa Stent......Page 998 Contraindications......Page 999 RENAL AND PERIRENAL FLUID COLLECTIONS......Page 1000 Seldinger Technique......Page 1001 Drain Management......Page 1002 Microwave Ablation......Page 1006 Tumor Selection......Page 1007 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 1008 Imaging Modalities......Page 1010 Ablation Procedure......Page 1013 COMPLICATIONS......Page 1014 OUTCOMES......Page 1015 PROSTATE CANCER......Page 1023 Patient Preparation......Page 1024 Treatment Effect Verification......Page 1025 Uterine Leiomyomas......Page 1026 Prostate Cancer......Page 1027 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 1028 Technical Aspects......Page 1032 Complications......Page 1033 Technique......Page 1034 Complications......Page 1035 Microwave Ablation......Page 1037 Cryoablation......Page 1038 EXPERIENCE TO DATE......Page 1041 CURRENT ROLE OF THERMAL ABLATION THERAPY IN LUNG CANCER......Page 1043 Preprocedure Considerations......Page 1047 Fine-Needle Aspiration......Page 1048 Core Needle Biopsy......Page 1049 STEREOTACTIC AND TOMOSYNTHESIS-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS......Page 1050 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 1051 NUCLEAR MEDICINE-GUIDED BIOPSY......Page 1053 Biopsy Tissue Markers or Clips Postbiopsy Care......Page 1054 Radiologic/Pathologic Concordance......Page 1055 ABLATION......Page 1056 CONCLUSIONS......Page 1057 106 - Tracheobronchial Interventions......Page 1061 Equipment......Page 1064 Postprocedure and Follow-up Care......Page 1065 Indications and Contraindications......Page 1066 Outcomes......Page 1067 Equipment......Page 1068 Technique......Page 1071 Postprocedure and Follow-up Care......Page 1072 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 1075 EQUIPMENT......Page 1076 Anatomy and Approach......Page 1077 CONTROVERSIES......Page 1079 OUTCOMES......Page 1080 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 1081 EQUIPMENT......Page 1083 CONTROVERSIES......Page 1086 POSTPROCEDURAL AND FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 1087 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 1089 Imaging......Page 1090 Sedation......Page 1091 Cement Placement......Page 1092 Vertebra Plana......Page 1093 Malignancy or Spinal Stenosis......Page 1094 POSTPROCEDURAL CARE......Page 1095 General Inclusion Criteria......Page 1098 Percutaneous Coblation Nucleoplasty......Page 1099 Chemodiskolysis with O2-O3 Mixture......Page 1100 Radiopaque Gelified Ethanol (DiscoGel)......Page 1102 HOW TO CHOOSE THE CORRECT PERCUTANEOUS DISK TREATMENT......Page 1103 Anatomy......Page 1108 Ultrasound-Guided Intervention......Page 1109 Conventional Block Technique......Page 1110 Ultrasound-Guided Intervention......Page 1111 CONCLUSION......Page 1112 Nerves......Page 1116 INDICATIONS......Page 1117 MAPPING......Page 1118 Anesthetics......Page 1119 Corticosteroids......Page 1120 TECHNIQUE......Page 1121 Lumbar......Page 1122 OUTCOMES......Page 1123 Approach......Page 1127 Complications......Page 1128 COMPLICATIONS......Page 1129 Postprocedure Care......Page 1130 CASE STUDIES......Page 1131