Nanofiltration Membrane for Water Purification

Description

This book covers the basic and sustainable approach of nanofiltration membrane techniques along with their fabrication, characterization, separation mechanisms, and broad applications in the field of wastewater treatment. It provides a wide knowledge of nanofiltration technique to water purification audience concerning the recent development with various illustrations, methods and results for graduate students, scientists, academicians, researchers, and industrialists. Readers from wastewater and water purification will have a quick reference by exploring the research literature on the subject field with commercial value-added research applications of nanofiltration membrane. Cover Sustainable Materials and Technology Series Nanofiltration Membrane for Water Purification Copyright Dedication Preface Contents About the Editors 1. Introduction and Basic Principle of Nanofiltration Membrane Process 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principle of NF Membrane Technology 1.3 Mechanism of Separation 1.4 Fouling in NF Membranes 1.4.1 Mitigation Strategies of Membrane Fouling 1.5 Role of Nanomaterials in NF Membrane Synthesis 1.5.1 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in NF Membranes 1.5.2 Carbon Based Nanomaterials in NF Membranes 1.5.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks in NF Membrane 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofiltration Membrane 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mechanism of Nanofiltration 2.3 NFM Modification and Fabrication Methods 2.3.1 Interfacial Polymerization (IP) 2.3.2 Grafting Polymerization 2.4 Membrane Characterization 2.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 2.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 2.4.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2.4.4 Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 2.5 Future Aspects of NFM Technology 2.6 Conclusion References 3. Pretreatments Before the Nanofiltration Technique 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Physical Processes 3.2.1 Flocculation and Sand Filtration 3.2.2 Adsorption Processes 3.3 Chemical Processes 3.3.1 Coagulation 3.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 3.4 Membrane-Based Processes 3.5 Biological Processes 3.6 Conclusion & Future Remarks References 4. Graphene Oxide Based Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Type of Membrane Filtrations 4.2.1 Nanofiltration (NF) 4.2.2 Nanofiltration Membrane 4.3 Graphene Oxide Based Nanofiltration Membrane 4.3.1 Graphene Oxide 4.3.2 Manufacturing of GO Nanofiltration Membrane 4.3.3 Functionalization of NF and Techniques 4.3.4 Mechanisms of GO Based Nanofiltration Membrane Separation 4.4 GO Nanofiltration Membrane Applications 4.5 Conclusion References 5. Nano-filtration Application in the Textile Industry for Wastewater Treatment 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 What is Nanofiltration? 5.1.2 Importance in Wastewater Treatment 5.2 Materials for Nanofiltration 5.3 Textile Wastewater Treatment 5.3.1 Nanofiltration in Textile Wastewater Treatment 5.4 Different Parameters Effect on Nanofiltration 5.4.1 Nature of Dyes 5.4.2 Salt Concentration 5.4.3 Effect of pH 5.4.4 Effect of Temperature 5.5 Limitations 5.6 Future Prospectus and Conclusion References 6. Dye Removal from Industrial Water Using Nanofiltration Membrane 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanofiltration Membrane 6.3 Nanocomposite Membranes 6.4 Conventional Membranes 6.4.1 Ceramic Membranes 6.4.2 Polymeric Membranes 6.5 Pressure Drove Membrane Method in Nanofillers 6.5.1 Alloy Nanofillers 6.5.2 Carbon Form Nanofillers 6.6 Nanomaterials in Nanofiltration Membrane Method 6.7 Nanomaterial-Based Membrane Synthesis Techniques 6.7.1 Phase Inversion Method 6.7.2 Interfacial Polymerization (IP) 6.7.3 Layer by Layer (LbL) Assembly 6.7.4 Stretching and Sintering 6.7.5 Track Etching and Electrospinning 6.7.6 Three-Dimensional Printing (3D Printing) 6.8 Applications of NF Membrane for Dye Removal 6.8.1 Textile Industry 6.8.2 Bioproduct Manufacturing 6.8.3 Others 6.9 Challenges 6.9.1 Insufficient Separation Selectivity 6.9.2 Limited Lifetime of Membrane 6.9.3 Serious Membrane Fouling 6.9.4 Process of Immature Decolorization 6.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 7. Volatile Organic Compounds Removal by Nanofiltration from Groundwater 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 7.3 Types of Volatile Organic Compounds 7.3.1 Very Volatile Organic Compounds (VVOCs) 7.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 7.3.3 Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) 7.4 VOCs in Groundwater: Sources and Effects 7.4.1 Natural and Anthropogenetic Sources 7.4.2 Point and Non-point Source 7.5 Processes of Groundwater Contamination by VOCs 7.6 Factors Affecting Groundwater Contamination with VOCs 7.7 Impacts of VOCs 7.8 Membrane-Based Technology for VOCs Removal 7.8.1 Nanofiltration Technology for the Removal of VOCs 7.8.2 Membrane Selection 7.8.3 Membrane Material and Module Type 7.8.4 Nanofiltration Treatment Systems 7.8.5 NF Separation Mechanisms 7.9 Conclusion and Future Outlook References 8. Desalination Through Nanofiltration Technique 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Process Modelling for Nanofiltration Membrane 8.3 NF Membrane Performance in Integrated Systems 8.3.1 NF-UF 8.3.2 Ion Exchange and NF 8.3.3 FO-NF 8.3.4 NF-SWRO 8.3.5 NF-SWRO-MD 8.3.6 NF-MSF 8.3.7 NF and Salt Production 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 9. Modified Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Membrane Technology 9.3 Membrane-Based Filtration and Separation 9.3.1 Ultrafiltration 9.3.2 Nanofiltration 9.3.3 Microfiltration 9.3.4 Reverse Osmosis 9.3.5 Forward Osmosis 9.3.6 Electrodialysis 9.3.7 Other Membrane-Based Methods 9.4 Membrane Fouling 9.4.1 Inorganic Fouling 9.4.2 Organic Fouling 9.4.3 Colloid/Particulate Fouling 9.5 Strategies for Reducing Fouling and Biofouling 9.5.1 Surface Grafting 9.5.2 Surface Covering of a Membrane 9.5.3 Blending Method 9.6 Nanofiltration Membrane Applications 9.6.1 NF Application by Industry 9.6.2 New NF Applications 9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 10. Performance of Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes in Water Purification 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ceramic Membranes 10.2.1 Various Kinds of Composite Ceramic NF Membranes 10.3 Fabrication Methods 10.3.1 Challenges in the Preparation of Ceramic NF Membranes 10.4 Applications of Ceramic NF Membranes 10.4.1 Desalination (as a Pre-treatment for Desalination) 10.4.2 Heavy Metal Ion Removal 10.4.3 Dye Removal 10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 11. Fouling Mechanisms in Nanofiltration Membranes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Applications of Nanofiltration 11.2.1 Surface-Water Treatment 11.2.2 Groundwater Treatment 11.2.3 Removal of Organic Contaminants and Pathogens for Water Reuse 11.3 Definition and Types of Membrane Fouling 11.3.1 Organic Fouling 11.3.2 Inorganic Fouling 11.3.3 Biofouling 11.3.4 Reversible and Irreversible Fouling 11.4 Fouling Mechanism 11.4.1 Concentration Boundary Layer 11.4.2 Overview of Fouling: Its Causes and Effects 11.4.3 Fouling Mechanism Assessment 11.4.4 Hermia's Fouling Models 11.5 Cleaning Methods to Remove Fouling 11.5.1 Physical Cleaning 11.5.2 Chemical Cleaning 11.6 Conclusions References 12. Nanofiltration Technology Applied for Peat and Wetland Saline Water 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nanofiltration Technology for Peat and Wetland Water Treatment 12.2.1 Influenced Parameters 12.3 Fouling and Controlling Process of Nanofiltration Membranes 12.3.1 Pretreatment Requirement 12.3.2 NF Membrane Cleaning Process 12.4 Future Trends 12.5 Conclusion References 13. Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater Through Nanofiltration: A Review 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanofiltration Membranes 13.2.1 Temperature 13.2.2 Operating Pressure 13.2.3 Flow Rate 13.2.4 Membrane Characteristic 13.2.5 Feed Characteristic 13.3 Polymeric Membrane 13.4 Metal Oxide-Based Membrane 13.5 Carbon-Based Membrane 13.6 Challenges of Nanofiltration and Future Prospective 13.7 Conclusion References