Essential endocrinology and diabetes

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface List of abbreviations Part 1 Foundations of Endocrinology CHAPTER 1 Overview of endocrinology A brief history of endocrinology and diabetes The role of hormones Classification of hormones Peptide hormones Amino acid derivatives Steroid hormones Control systems regulating hormone production Simple control Negative feedback Positive feedback Inhibitory control Endocrine rhythms Endocrine disorders CHAPTER 2 Basic cell biology and hormone synthesis Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis Synthesizing a peptide or protein hormone Gene transcription and its regulation Translation into protein Post-translational modification of peptides Storage and secretion of peptide hormones Synthesizing a hormone derived from amino acids or cholesterol Enzyme action and cascades Synthesizing hormones derived from amino acids Synthesizing hormones derived from cholesterol Nomenclature of steroidogenic pathways Storage of steroid hormones Hormone transport CHAPTER 3 Molecular basis of hormone action Cell-surface receptors Binding of hormone to receptor Signal transduction Tyrosine kinase receptors G-protein–coupled receptors Nuclear receptors Target cell conversion of hormones destined for nuclear receptors Nuclear localization, DNA binding and transcriptional activation Orphan nuclear receptors and variant nuclear receptors Endocrine transcription factors CHAPTER 4 Investigations in endocrinology and diabetes Pre-analytical requirements for accurate endocrine testing Laboratory assay platforms Immunoassays Analytical methods linked to mass spectrometry Enzymatic assays Reference ranges Static and dynamic testing Cell and molecular biology as diagnostic tools Karyotype Fluorescence in situ hybridization Genome-wide microarray-based technology Diagnosing mutations in single genes by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing Imaging in endocrinology Ultrasound Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine and uptake marker scans Positron emission tomography (PET) Part 2 Endocrinology – Biology to Clinical Practice CHAPTER 5 The hypothalamus and pituitary gland Embryology and anatomy Pituitary tumours Pituitary tumours as space-occupying lesions Non-functioning adenomas Genetics of pituitary tumours Treating pituitary tumours The hypothalamus The hypothalamic–anterior pituitary hormone axes The anterior pituitary hormones Growth hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Gonadotrophins – luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone Hypopituitarism Hormones of the posterior pituitary Vasopressin Oxytocin CHAPTER 6 The adrenal gland The adrenal cortex Embryology and anatomy Biochemistry by zones Function and regulation of the hormones Cortisol Aldosterone Sex steroid precursors Clinical disorders of the adrenal cortex Hypoadrenalism Primary hypoadrenalism – Addison disease Secondary hypoadrenalism Hyperadrenalism Glucocorticoid excess – ‘Cushing syndrome’ Primary mineralocorticoid excess – Conn syndrome Tumours involving the zona reticularis Other tumours of the adrenal cortex Congenital adrenal hyperplasia The adrenal medulla Embryology and anatomy Catecholamine biosynthesis and metabolism Physiology Clinical disorders Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) CHAPTER 7 Reproductive endocrinology Embryology of the reproductive organs Sex determination Sexual differentiation The male reproductive system Morphology and function of the testis Spermatogenesis Androgen biosynthesis, secretion and metabolism Regulation of testicular function – the hypothalamic–anterior pituitary – testicular axis Phases of testicular function and reproductive development after birth Clinical disorders Hypogonadism Testicular tumours Gynaecomastia The female reproductive system Ovarian morphology and function Ovarian steroidogenesis and the hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–ovarian axis: the menstrual cycle Phases of ovarian function and reproductive development after birth The endocrinology of pregnancy Clinical disorders Amenorrhoea Other female reproductive endocrinology referrals Pubertal disorders Precocious puberty Subfertility Male factor treatment Female factor treatment CHAPTER 8 The thyroid gland Embryology Anatomy and vasculature Thyroid hormone biosynthesis Uptake of iodide from the blood The synthesis of thyroglobulin Iodination of thyroglobulin The production of thyroid hormone The secretion of thyroid hormone Circulating thyroid hormones Metabolism of thyroid hormones: conversion of T4 to T3 or rT3 Function of thyroid hormones Thyroid function tests Clinical disorders Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Single thyroid nodules and multinodular goitre Thyroid cancer CHAPTER 9 Calcium and metabolic bone disorders Calcium Dietary intake of calcium Hormones that regulate calcium Vitamin D Parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone-related peptide Calcitonin Clinical disorders of calcium homeostasis Hypocalcaemia Hypercalcaemia Bone health and metabolic bone disease Bone and its composition Cell types in bone Bone growth and remodelling during life Clinical conditions of bone metabolism Osteoporosis Vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia and rickets Symptoms and signs Investigation and diagnosis Treatment CHAPTER 10 Pancreatic and gastrointestinal endocrinology and endocrine neoplasia Pancreatic endocrinology Cell types and hormones of the pancreatic islet Clinical disorders of insulin and the other islet hormones Gastrointestinal endocrinology and associated clinical conditions Gastrin Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Cholecystokinin, secretin and motilin Carcinoid syndrome Endocrine tumour predisposition syndromes Multiple endocrine neoplasia Other endocrine tumour predisposition syndromes Tumours with ectopic hormone production Hormone-sensitive tumours Prostate cancer Breast cancer Other tumours relevant to endocrinology Ovarian cancer Endometrial cancer Testicular cancer Part 3 Diabetes and Obesity CHAPTER 11 Overview of diabetes A brief history of diabetes and its classification Classification of diabetes Diagnosis of diabetes Insulin Secretion Action Glucagon CHAPTER 12 Type 1 diabetes What is type 1 diabetes? Epidemiology Pathogenesis Aetiology Clinical features Diagnosis Management of type 1 diabetes Insulin Monitoring diabetes control Diabetes self-management education Diet Exercise Acute metabolic emergencies Hypoglycaemia Diabetic ketoacidosis CHAPTER 13 Type 2 diabetes Epidemiology Risk factors for type 2 diabetes Pathophysiology Prognosis Prevention of diabetes Screening for diabetes Management of type 2 diabetes Glycaemic targets Diet Physical activity Oral glucose-lowering agents Injectable glucose-lowering agents Which drug and when? CHAPTER 14 Complications of diabetes Introduction Microvascular complications Pathology of microvascular complications Pathogenesis of microvascular complications Clinical features of microvascular complications Diabetes-related eye disease Natural history of diabetic retinopathy Screening for retinopathy Management of retinopathy Diabetes-related kidney disease Classical diabetic nephropathy Non-classical diabetes-related kidney disease Screening and diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy Management of diabetic nephropathy Neuropathy Hyperglycaemic neuropathy Distal symmetrical neuropathy Pressure palsies Mononeuropathies and radiculopathies Management of painful diabetic neuropathy Autonomic neuropathy The diabetic foot Pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers Screening for foot disease Management of diabetic foot ulcers Charcot arthropathy Genitourinary and sexual problems of diabetes Male problems Female problems Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Epidemiology Pathogenesis Management of cardiovascular disease Heart failure Epidemiology Clinical features Management Cancer Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gastro-intestinal tract Bone and Joint Skin disorders Acanthosis nigricans Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Psychological and psychiatric sequelae of diabetes Adjustment disorders Diabetes distress Fear of hypoglycaemia Depression Eating disorders Cognitive dysfunction Diabetes and pregnancy Effect of diabetes on pregnancy Effect of pregnancy on diabetes Management of the diabetic pregnancy Social sequelae of diabetes Driving Employment Organization of diabetes care CHAPTER 15 Obesity Introduction What is obesity? The health and social consequences of overweight and obesity Regulation of body weight Hypothalamic control of body weight Signals from the gastrointestinal tract Long-term control of fat mass — the role of leptin Hedonistic control of eating behaviour The causes of obesity Genetic factors Environmental changes Dietary intake Energy expenditure Medical causes of obesity Prevention of obesity Management of the individual with obesity Clinical assessment of obesity Lifestyle interventions Drugs Bariatric surgery Organization of obesity services Conclusions Index EULA