Bioactive Food Components Activity in Mechanistic Approach

Description

Bioactive Food Components Activity in Mechanistic Approach presents the role of functional foods and bioactive compounds in inflammation. This book focuses on bioactive compounds, including phenolics, prebiotics, carotenoids, tocopherols, bioactive peptides, probiotics, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and describes their actions in several diseases, mainly obesity and co-morbidities, inflammatory bowel disease, cognitive decline and cancer, and aging. Intended for food, nutrition, and nutraceutical researchers, as well as those studying related fields, the book offers a mechanistic approach that is currently lacking in the market. Front Cover Bioactive Food Components Activity in Mechanistic Approach Copyright Page Contents List of contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Chronic diseases in the world and the causal role of the environmental factors 1.2.1 Foods as a tool for preventing chronic diseases and disabilities References 2 Main molecular mechanisms for noncommunicable diseases 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main molecular mechanisms for noncommunicable diseases 2.2.1 Inflammatory response and oxidative stress 2.2.2 Obesity and metabolic dysfunctions 2.2.2.1 Adiposity 2.2.2.1.1 The action of the main inflammatory molecules involved in the inflammation associated with obesity and its metabo... 2.2.2.2 Insulin resistance 2.2.2.3 Type 2 diabetes 2.2.2.4 Hypertension 2.2.2.5 Metabolic syndrome 2.2.2.6 Cardiovascular disease 2.2.3 Cancer 2.2.4 Inflammation and cancer development 2.2.4.1 Oxidative stress and cancer: friend or foe? 2.2.4.1.1 Reactive oxygen species in early stages of tumor development: potent inductors of carcinogenesis 2.2.4.1.2 Oxidative stress in late stages of cancer development: a potential tumor-promoting role to antioxidant defenses 2.2.5 Cognition and neurodegenerative diseases 2.3 Conclusion Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgments References 3 Phenolic compounds 3.1 Introduction 3.2 In vitro evidence of food phenolic compound bioactivity and their mechanisms of action 3.3 Antioxidant activity 3.4 Antiinflammatory activity 3.5 Activities against chronic diseases 3.6 In vivo evidences of food phenolic compound bioactivities 3.7 Neuroprotection potential 3.8 Antidiabetic potential 3.9 Cardioprotective potential 3.10 Antiobesity potential 3.11 Anticancer potential 3.12 Clinical trials 3.13 Bioavailability and metabolism studies 3.14 Longitudinal dietary assays 3.15 Conclusion References 4 Prebiotics and probiotics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Prebiotics 4.2.1 Main concepts and definitions of prebiotics 4.2.2 Main prebiotic classes 4.2.2.1 Nondigestible carbohydrates 4.2.2.2 Phenolic compounds 4.2.2.3 Carotenoids 4.2.2.4 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives 4.2.3 Other prebiotic candidates 4.2.4 Concluding remarks 4.3 Probiotics 4.3.1 Main concepts and definitions of probiotics 4.3.2 Main traditional strains 4.3.2.1 Lactobacillus spp 4.3.2.2 Bifidobacterium spp 4.3.3 Other probiotics and potential new strains 4.3.4 Concluding remarks 4.4 Clinical evidence e proposed mechanisms of action of prebiotics and probiotics 4.4.1 Gut microbiota interaction 4.4.2 Immune system modulation 4.4.3 Intestinal barrier function 4.4.4 Production of organic acids 4.4.5 Other mechanisms 4.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of interest statement References 5 Carotenoids 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Animal studies 5.3 Human studies 5.4 Mechanistic studies 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Tocopherols and tocotrienols: the essential vitamin E 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chemistry of tocopherols and tocotrienols 6.3 Sources of tocopherol and tocotrienol 6.3.1 Edible oils 6.3.2 Underutilized edible oils as a source of tocols 6.4 Role of tocopherol and tocotrienol in plants and in human health 6.4.1 Role in plants 6.4.1.1 Antioxidant property 6.4.2 Role in human health 6.4.2.1 Role of tocopherol and tocotrienol in obesity 6.4.2.2 Antiobesity mechanism of tocopherol and tocotrienol 6.4.2.3 Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s treatment 6.4.2.4 Vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases 6.4.2.5 Vitamin E and cancer 6.4.2.6 Tocotrienol in breast cancer 6.4.2.7 Role of vitamin E as anti-inflammatory compound 6.4.2.8 Antioxidant activities of vitamin forms and carboxychromanols 6.4.2.9 Anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms 6.4.2.10 Asthma and allergic airway inflammation 6.4.2.11 Vitamin E and HIV 6.4.2.12 Vitamin E and cataract 6.4.2.13 Vitamin E as immunostimulant 6.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 7 Bioactive peptides against inflammatory intestinal disorders and obesity 7.1 Defining the concept “bioactive peptides” 7.2 Bioactive peptides against inflammatory intestinal diseases 7.2.1 In vitro antiinflammatory effects of food-derived peptides 7.2.2 In vivo effects of food-derived peptides 7.3 Bioactive peptides against obesity 7.3.1 In vitro effects of antiobesity food peptides 7.3.2 In vivo evidence of antiobesity food-derived peptides 7.4 Concluding remarks References 8 Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids: structure, food sources, biological functions, and their preventive role... 8.1 General topics on monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids 8.1.1 Chemistry and classification of fatty acids 8.1.2 Dietary sources and supplements containing monounsaturated and polyunstaturated fatty acids 8.1.3 Absorption of dietary fatty acids 8.1.4 Polyunsaturated fatty acid from the n-3 and n-6 families as precursors of lipid mediators to modulate inflammation pr... 8.1.5 Biosynthesis of essential unsaturated fatty acids 8.1.6 Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation 8.2 Prospecting the potential health benefits monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell model systems 8.2.1 Oxidative stress 8.2.1.1 Antioxidant and reactive oxygen species mechanisms 8.2.1.2 DNA/RNA damage and repair 8.2.1.3 Cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and phagocytosis 8.2.1.4 Inflammation 8.3 Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids effects in animal models 8.3.1 Polyunsaturated fatty acid and oxidative stress in animal studies 8.3.2 Inflammation 8.3.3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases 8.4 Role of fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 8.4.1 Cardiovascular disease 8.4.2 Relationship between dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease 8.4.3 Saturated fats and cardiovascular disease 8.4.4 Monounsaturated fatty acid and cardiovascular disease 8.4.5 ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and cardiovascular disease 8.4.6 ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and cardiovascular disease 8.4.7 Polyunsaturated fatty acid and other health effects 8.5 Final considerations and future directions Acknowledgments References 9 Sulfur compounds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Chemical definition of glucosinolates and their hydrolytic products 9.3 Sources of glucosinolates 9.4 Role of isothiocyanates in neuroprotection 9.5 In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective activities of isothiocyanate and their mechanistic pathway(s) 9.5.1 Sulforaphane 9.5.2 Phenethyl-isothiocyanate 9.5.3 Erucin 9.5.4 6-(Methyl-sulfinyl) hexyl-isothiocyanate 9.5.5 Glucomoringin-isothiocyanate 9.6 Major pathways involved in neuroprotection/neurotoxicity 9.6.1 Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway 9.6.2 IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway 9.6.3 Intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathway 9.7 Isothiocyanates as antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent 9.8 Isothiocyanates as anticancer and chemopreventive agent 9.9 Isothiocyanates as antidiabetic agent 9.10 Conclusion References 10 Phytosterols: physiological functions and therapeutic applications 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Structure 10.1.2 Sources of phytosterols 10.1.3 Physiological functions of phytosterols 10.1.4 Phytosterol contents in foods 10.1.5 Absorption of phytosterols 10.1.6 Distribution and excretion of phytosterols 10.2 Major mode of action of phytosterols 10.2.1 Alteration of membrane composition 10.2.2 Alteration of membrane integrity and membrane bound enzymes 10.2.3 Effect on signal transduction pathway 10.2.4 Effect of on immune system 10.2.5 Effect on cell cycle 10.2.6 Therapeutic actions 10.2.7 Phytosterols and cholesterol 10.2.8 Phytosterols as immunomodulators and antiinflammatory agents 10.2.9 Anticancer roles of phytosterols 10.3 Models of colon cancer 10.4 Models of breast cancer 10.5 Models of prostate cancer 10.5.1 Antidiabetic roles of phytosterols 10.5.2 Mechanisms of hypocholesterolemia activity and other activities 10.5.3 Safety 10.5.4 Phytosterol formulation 10.6 Conclusion References Index Back Cover