Optical to Terahertz Engineering

Description

This book highlights advances in the field of THz engineering along with limitations of radio frequency (RF) technology. All engineering applications have been designed to operate over a specific frequency or wavelength range in electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the unexplored domain of THz range of electromagnetic spectrum has paved the way for terahertz technology due to its nonionizing nature and sensitivity to water content. A wide range of applications with THz techniques such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), biological, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, explosives inspection, information and communication technology (ICT) sector and many more, have potential to be the technology of future. Different designing aspects and evolving application areas are addressed to enrich the technical knowledge of readers. This book provides an overview of state of the art in terms of research and industrial progress in THz spectrum. Preface Contents About the Editors Introduction to Terahertz Imaging Applications 1 Introduction 2 Instrumentation 2.1 Sources 2.2 Detectors 2.3 Optics 2.4 Signal Acquisition and Important Parameters 2.5 Signal Processing 3 Imaging 3.1 Imaging with Continuous-Wave (CW) THz Waves 3.2 Imaging with THz Pulses 3.3 Comparison 4 THz Tomography 5 Latest Developments 6 Conclusion References Design of Super-Achromatic Phase Controlling Assemblies for THz Spectro-Polarimetric Imaging System Using Metaheuristic Optimization Technique 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Analysis 2.1 Designing Steps 3 Simulation Results and Discussion 4 Applications 5 Conclusion References On the Photoemission from Quantum Confined Heavily Doped THz Materials 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Evolution of 6G and Terahertz Communication 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Significance of Terahertz Frequency Bands 4 Challenging Issues in Terahertz Frequency Bands 5 Previous Works 6 Propagation Characteristics 7 Technologies Related to Channel, Antenna and Access Techniques 7.1 Channel Measurement Methods [60] 7.2 Channel Modelling Methods [61] 7.3 Multicarrier Techniques [62] 7.4 Channel Coding and Decoding [10] 7.5 Massive MIMO Systems [63–67] 7.6 OAM-Based Systems [68] 7.7 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) [69, 70] 8 Some Experimental Results and Discussions 9 Conclusions References Some Aspects of Novel Materials from Optical to THz Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Wide Bandgap Materials 2.1 Silicon Carbide (SiC) 2.2 Gallium Nitride (GaN) 2.3 Zn-Based Materials 3 Novel Material 3.1 Graphene Channel Photodetectors 3.2 Layered MoS2 Photo-Detector for Harsh Environment 3.3 Monolayer Nano Nets 3.4 Bi2S3 Nano-Belts 3.5 NiCo2O4 Nano-Film 4 Perovskite Materials References Optical Polarization Phase Modulation with Lithium Niobate 1 Introduction 2 Tunable Differential Optical Polarization Phase Realization with LN Crystal 2.1 Analysis of Electric Field by Schwarz-Christoffel Mapping or SCM Technique 2.2 Device Configuration with Non-parallel or Inclined Electrode Pair 2.3 Distribution of Electric Field Inside the Device 2.4 Optimization of Various Device Parameters 2.5 Introduction of Variable Phases 2.6 Tunability of the Device 3 Conclusion References Application of Fiber Optics for the Protection and Control of Power Systems 1 Introduction 2 Optical Fiber System 2.1 Construction of Optical Fiber 2.2 OFC Operating Principal 2.3 Classifications of Optical Fibers 2.4 Advantages of Fiber Optics 2.5 Disadvantages of OFC 2.6 Fiber Optic Communication 3 Electrical Power System Protection and Control System 3.1 Power System Protection 3.2 Qualities Required of a Protection System 4 Automation Power System Protection System with Fiber Optics 5 Conclusions References Orbital Angular Momentum of Light in Helically Twisted Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Dirac Like Bloch Modes in HC-PCF 3 DR in Helically Twisted HC-PCF 4 OAM Modes in Twisted HC-PCF 5 Dependency on Geometrical Parameters 5.1 Core Geometry 5.2 PC Size 6 Conclusion References Review of Various Codes and Transmitter–Receiver Architecture Used in Optical Code Multiple Access System 1 Introduction 1.1 Bipolar OCDMA Code 1.2 Unipolar OCDMA Codes 1.3 Weighted Position Representation (WPR) of Unipolar OCDMA Code (1-D) 1.4 Correlation Constraints of Unipolar Optical Codes 1.5 Review of Different Transmitter Receiver Architectures of the OCDMA System 2 Conclusion References Error Detection and Correction of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using Cyclic Code 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Flow Chart 4 Result and Analysis 5 Advantage 6 Limitation 7 Conclusion References Segmentation of Used Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Products of Covid 19 Patients Using Thermal Image Processing 1 Introduction 2 Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Materials 2.1 Biodegradable 2.2 Non-biodegradable 3 Long Term Effect of Waste Materials on the Environment 4 Methodology 5 Result 6 Analysis 7 Comparison with Existing Methods 8 Conclusion References