Handbook of Abductive Cognition

Description

This Handbook offers the first comprehensive reference guide to the interdisciplinary field of abductive cognition, providing readers with extensive information on the process of reasoning to hypotheses in humans, animals, and in computational machines. It highlights the role of abduction in both theory practice: in generating and testing hypotheses and explanatory functions for various purposes and as an educational device. It merges logical, cognitive, epistemological and philosophical perspectives with more practical needs relating to the application of abduction across various disciplines and practices, such as in diagnosis, creative reasoning, scientific discovery, diagrammatic and ignorance-based cognition, and adversarial strategies. It also discusses the inferential role of models in hypothetical reasoning, abduction and creativity, including the process of development, implementation and manipulation for different scientific and technological purposes. Written by a group of internationally renowned experts in philosophy, logic, general epistemology, mathematics, cognitive, and computer science, as well as life sciences, engineering, architecture, and economics, the Handbook of Abductive Cognition offers a unique reference guide for readers approaching the process of reasoning to hypotheses from different perspectives and for various theoretical and practical purposes. Numerous diagrams, schemes and other visual representations are included to promote a better understanding of the relevant concepts and to make concepts highly accessible to an audience of scholars and students with different scientific backgrounds. Preface Contents About the Editor Section Editors Contributors Part I Philosophy and Abduction 1 Introduction to Philosophy and Abduction Contents Abduction and Philosophy References 2 Peirce's Abduction Contents Introduction The Early Theory The Mature Theory The Justification of Abduction The Methodeutic of Abduction Conclusions References 3 Abduction and Semiosis Contents Introduction Semiosis and the Logical Signs Abductive Reasoning in the Context of Peircean Philosophy Imagining Possible Scenarios Through Iconic Abduction Abduction, Insight, and Diagrams From Premises to Conclusion: The Iconic Logical Principle of Abduction Abduction as the Reasoning from Surprise to Inquiry Conclusions References 4 Abduction as a Logic of Discovery Contents Introduction A Short History of Abduction as a Logic of Discovery Peirce's Formulations After Peirce Logic of Pursuit or Logic of Discovery or both? Logic of Pursuit (without Logic of Discovery) Abduction as a Logic of Discovery Conclusion References 5 Abduction and Perception in Peirce's Account of Knowledge Contents Peircean Abduction: A Non-essentialist Account Peircean Abduction: Instinct, Association, and Selection Peircean Perception: Its Nature and Abductive Character Peirce's Account of Knowledge Conclusion References Part II Theoretical and Cognitive Issues on Abduction and Scientific Inference 6 Introduction to Theoretical and Cognitive Issues on Abduction and Scientific Inference References 7 Discoverability in the Perspective of the EC-Model of Abduction Contents Defending Discoverability: The Urgent Need of an Ecology of Human Creative Abductive Cognition The Eco-Cognitive Model of Abduction (EC-Model) What Is the Optimization of Eco-Cognitive Situatedness in the Case of Abductive Cognition? Irrelevance and Implausibility Are Not Necessarily Offensive to Rationality AKM-Schema, GW-Schema, and EC-Model of Abduction Framing Abduction in the Perspective of ``General Inferential Problems'' Irrelevance and Implausibility Disculpated Eco-Cognitive Openness Explaining the Optimization of Eco-Cognitive Situatedness in a Logical Perspective Situatedness: The Centrality of ``Optimally Positioning'' Input and Output Affordances, Diagnosticability, Discoverability, and Abduction Conclusion References 8 How Abduction Fares in Mathematical Space Contents Peirce's Abductive Schema The Kempson Rule The Three Faces of Logical Consequence Logic in Peirce's Narrow Sense Logic Daze Cognitive Economies Habit A Data-Respecting Epistemology Theorematic Proof and Kant's Problem Trial by Combat Conclusion References 9 The Logical Process and Validity of Abductive Inferences Contents Introduction The GW Model of Abduction Presentation of the GW Model Critical Aspects of the GW Model Abduction in the Context of the Inferential Triad Abduction, Deduction, and Induction Problems with Abductive Problems The Triad of Colligation, Observation, and Judgment On Coherence and the Reach of Abduction The Proper Epistemological Role of Coherence Coherence and Unification Coherence, Perception, and Intuition Conclusions References 10 Theory-Generating Abduction and Its Justification Contents Introduction: Abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation Unification and Independent Testability: Two Rationality Criteria for Theory-Generating Abduction Common Cause Abduction in Science Instrumentalistic Justification of Theory-Generating Abduction Justifying Theory-Generating Abduction by Causality Abductive Justification of Perceptual Realism: Normal World Versus Brain in the Vat Abductive Justification of Causality Conclusions References 11 Abduction and Truth Contents Three Types of Inferences: Deduction, Induction, and Abduction Ampliative Inference and Fallibilism Abduction and Bayesian Confirmation Inference to the Best Explanation Abduction and Truthlikeness Conclusion References 12 Imagination, Cognition, and Methods of Science in Peircean Abduction Contents Introduction Methods of Science Hope to Believe Economy of Research Uberty Seductive Abduction Instinct, Insight, Imagination Conclusions References Part III Logics of Hypothetical Reasoning, Abduction, and Evidence 13 Introduction to Logics of Hypothetical Reasoning, Abduction, and Evidence Contents Introduction 14 Abduction from a Dynamic Epistemic Perspective: Non-omniscient Agents and Multiagent Settings Contents Introduction Brief Recap: `Classical' Abduction A Dynamic Epistemic Perspective Formal Tools: Representing Knowledge and Beliefs Language and Models Operations on Models Update, Also Known as Observation Upgrade, Also Known as Belief Revision Abductive Problem and Solution Abductive Reasoning in Nononmiscient Agents Adding Reasoning to the Picture Explaining Explicit Information A Semantic Model An Example Multi-agent Abduction Conclusions References 15 Abduction and Dialogues Contents Introduction Dialogical Logic Abduction Defeasibility and Dialogues Sentential Abduction in Dialogues Abducting Rules in Structure Seeking Dialogues Abducing Rules in Adaptive Dialogues Conclusion References 16 Paraconsistency, Evidence, and Abduction Contents Introduction On Logics of Evidence and Truth On the Notion of Evidence LETs as Information-Based Logics FDE or the Belnap-Dunn Logic The Classicality Operator: Reliable and Unreliable Information On the Connections Between Evidence and Information The Logic LETF Valuation Semantics for LETF LETF-Tableaux Adding Implication: The Logic LETK First-Order LETK A Natural Deduction System for QLETK Valuation Semantics for QLETK Paraconsistency and Abduction Applying LETK-Tableaux to Abduction Examples Conclusion Appendix On Valuation Semantics Kripke-Style Semantics for LETF and LETK Probabilistic Semantics for LETF Conditional Probability Independence and Incompatibility Total Probability Theorems and Bayes' Rules References 17 Qualitative Inductive Generalization and Confirmation Contents Adaptive Logics for Inductive Generalization The Standard Format and LI General Characterization of the Standard Format Proof Theory Minimal Abnormality More Adaptive Logics Qualitative Confirmation I-Confirmation and Hempel's Adequacy Conditions I-Confirmation and the Hypothetico-Deductive Model Interdependent Abnormalities and Heuristic Guidance Conclusions Appendix: Blocking the Raven Paradox? References 18 Modeling Hypothetical Reasoning by Formal Logics Contents The Feasibility of the Project Advantages and Drawbacks Four Patterns of Hypothetical Reasoning Abductive Reasoning and Adaptive Logics The Problem of Multiple Explanatory Hypotheses The Standard Format of Adaptive Logics LArs: A Logic for Practical Singular Fact Abduction MLAss: A Logic for Theoretical Singular Fact Abduction Conclusions Appendix: Formal Presentations of the Logics LArs and MLAss References Part IV Abduction and Medicine: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 19 Introduction to Abduction and Medicine: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Contents Abduction and Medicine References 20 Abduction in Prognostic Reasoning Contents Introduction Foundations of Prognostication Abduction in Prognostic Reasoning Prognosis, Hypothesis, and Evidence General and Particular Medical Assertions Prognostic Judgment: Structure and Uncertainty Conclusion References 21 Abduction, Clinical Reasoning, and Therapeutic Strategies Contents Abduction and Clinical Reasoning: Introductory Remarks Abductive Reasoning and the Medical Expertise in Clinical Contexts Abductive Reasoning, Treatment Options, and Therapeutic Strategies Challenges from a Pandemic: Covid-19 and the Urgency of Effective Treating Options Epilepsy: An Ancient Disease and Current Therapeutic Issues Concluding Remarks: Abductive Reasoning for Effective Treatments References 22 Abductive Reasoning in Clinical Diagnostics Contents Introduction Abduction as Expert-Based Inference Doctors Using Abductive Reasoning A Short Review Examples from Recorded Clinical Dialogues Patients Using Abductive Reasoning Conclusion Appendix: Note on Data References 23 Medical Reasoning and the GW Model of Abduction Contents Introduction Galenic Medicine: Between Logic and Medical Practice Medical Diagnosis Within the GWm Deduction, Induction, and Ignorance-Preserving Abduction Cutdown and Fill-Up in Medical Reasoning Evidence-Based Medicine and Mechanistic Evidence Mechanistic Hypotheses Conclusion References Part V Abduction in Mathematics 24 Introduction to Abduction in Mathematics References 25 The Role of Abduction in Mathematics: Creativity, Contingency, and Constraint Contents Introduction Mathematics as the Science of the Hypothetical Surprise and Epistemic Destabilizing Concept Creation Computation and Distributing Error Proof and Explanation Problem-Solving and Metacognition Conclusion References 26 Peirce's Conception of Mathematics as Creative Experimental Inquiry Contents Mathematics as Creative, Experimental Inquiry Peirce's Heuristic Conception of Mathematics Conclusion References 27 Using Abduction for Characterizing the Process of Discovery Contents Introduction Characteristics of Abduction Generation of Abductions Discoveries qua Abduction Methodology Empirical Examples Example I: Creative Discoveries and their Initiation Example II: Overcoded Abduction and Discoveries First Interpretation Second Interpretation Third Interpretation Excursion: Remarks on the Ambiguity of Utterances Conclusion Appendix References 28 Abduction and Creativity in Mathematics Contents Introduction Abduction Creativity in Mathematics School Mathematics Meaning and Abduction Abduction in Practice Abduction in Mathematics Education Research Abduction and the Philosophy of Mathematics Conclusion References 29 Abductive Arguments Supporting Students' Construction of Proofs Contents Introduction Cognitive Unity The Use of Toulmin's Model to Represent Abductive Arguments Instructors' Interventions That Support Cognitive Unity Teaching Experiment Analysis of the Student's Answers to Two Algebraic Problems Polynomial Factorization Problem System of Equations Problem Implications of the Study Conclusion References Part VI Diagrams, Visual Models, and Abduction 30 Introduction to Diagrams, Visual Models, and Abduction Contents Introduction References 31 Existential Graphs as a Visual Tool of Abductive Cognition in Intuitionistic Logic and Various Sublogics Contents Standard Existential Graphs Intuitionistic Logic Existential Graphs for Intuitionistic Logic Sublogics of Intuitionistic Logic Existential Graphs for Intuitionistic Sublogics Conclusions References 32 Visual Semiotics, Abduction, and the Learning Paradox: The Role of Graphic Signs Contents Introduction: The Abductive Semiotics of Images The Fool as a Figure of Abduction Learning Abductively from Images Conclusions References 33 On the Missing Diagrams in Category Theory Contents Introduction The Conventions Finding ``the'' Object with a Given Name Freyd's Diagrammatic Language Adding Quantifiers Adding Functors Internal Views Reductions Functors Natural Transformations Adjunctions A Way to Teach Adjunctions Types for Children Dependent Types Witnesses Judgments Set Comprehensions Omitting Types Indefinite Articles ``Physicists' Notation'' The Basic Example as a Skeleton Reconstructing Its Functors Natural Transformations (2) The Full Reconstruction Conclusion References 34 Abduction in Diagrammatical Reasoning Contents The Abduction-Deduction-Induction Syntax of Investigation Pure Diagram Reasoning Applied Diagram Reasoning Implicit Diagram Reasoning Abduction and Error Conclusion References 35 Peirce's Diagrammatic Reasoning and Abduction Contents Introduction Logic of Science and Diagrams Abduction in Diagrams Abduction, Diagrams, and Reasoning in Exact Sciences Mental Pictures, Diagrams, and the Visual Bias Diagrammatic Reasoning and Neurocognitive Processes Conclusions References 36 Abduction in Diagrammatic Reasoning: A Categorical Approach Contents Introduction From the Semiotics of Diagrams to Category Theory Semiotics and Abduction Abduction and Diagrammatic Signs Diagrammatic Abduction and Category Theory Categorical Abductions: Limits and Adjunctions The Abductive Character of Categorical Limits Categorical Diagrams as Functors Abductive Adjunctions Scientific Models and Abductive Mathematics Conclusion References Part VII Abduction and Computation 37 Introduction to Abduction and Computation Conclusions References 38 Humans Reason Skeptically Contents Introduction The Weak Completion Semantics The Suppression Task Human Disjunctive Reasoning Human Conditional Reasoning Facts, Assumptions, or Observations The Semantics of Conditionals Obligational and Factual Conditionals Necessary and Non-necessary Antecedents The Influence of Pragmatics Representing the Semantics of Conditionals An Experiment Affirmation of the Antecedent Denial of the Antecedent Affirmation of the Consequent Denial of the Consequent Conclusion Appendix The Conditionals of the Experiment References 39 Default Negation in Normal Logic Programs Considered as Minimal Abduction of Positive Hypotheses Contents Introduction Motivation Declarativity and Knowledge Representation Role Independence Arbitrary Updates and/or Merges Intuitively Desired Semantics Desirable Formal Properties Logic Programming Background Syntactic Transformations Program Remainder Minimal Hypotheses Semantics The Abductive Flavor of Assuming Hypotheses Definition of Minimal Hypotheses Model Model Existence Relevancy Cumulativity Complexity Brave Reasoning Cautious Reasoning Comparisons MH Models of P as SMs of a Transform P* of P: Justification and Examples Motivation Rationale The Transformation MH→SM Computing the Stable Models of the Transform A Note on Abduction MH→SM Transformation Rules for P to Obtain P* Transformation Examples and Results Conclusions and Future Work References 40 Evaluation of Abductive Hypotheses: A Logical Perspective Contents Introduction The Conceptual Framework The Logical Framework First Generate, and Then Evaluate: The Case of Analytic Tableaux Generation and Evaluation Intertwined: Abductive Question-Answer System The Mixed Case: Reduction Techniques and Multicriterial Evaluations Conclusion References 41 Speculative Computation: Application Scenarios Contents Introduction Literature Review: ML Techniques Speculative Computation Preliminary Definitions Process Reduction Phase Fact Arrival Phase Correctness of the Proof Procedure Speculative Computation: Application Scenarios CogHelper CompGuide Conclusions References 42 Abductive Logic Programming and Linear Algebraic Computation Contents Introduction Preliminaries Deduction Abduction Related Works Conclusion References 43 Acquisition of Feature Concepts Via Open Abductive Communication with Data Jackets Contents Introduction Innovators' Marketplace on Data Jackets Data Jacket as a Subjective Metadata Communication for Sharing Contexts of Living by IMDJ The Abductive Thoughts in IMDJ and Feature Concepts Living Lab for Enhancing the Sensitivity to the Open Society Living Labs and Its Effects Lessons for Livings from Organizational Citizenship Behavior The Structure of Data-Federative Innovation with LLDJ Conclusions References Part VIII Abduction and Economics 44 Introduction to Abduction and Economics Contents Abduction and Economic Reasoning References 45 Abduction in Economics: A Philosophical View Contents Introduction Abduction in Theory and Experience Abduction in Economic Reasoning Abduction at Work in Economics Concluding Remarks References 46 Abduction in Econometrics Contents Introduction Some Econometric and Modeling Background Possible Classic Econometric Tools to Perform Abduction Abduction and Machine Learning Meta-analysis and Zooming In Abduction and Causality Conclusions References 47 C. S. Peirce's Conception of Abduction and Economics Contents Introduction Peirce's Early Writings on Hypothesis and Retroduction Peirce's Later Writings on Abduction and Scientific Discovery Abduction and Economic Methodology Abduction and Economics Conclusions References 48 Abduction and Economics Contents Introduction Political Economy and Abduction Theoretical and Applied Economics Abduction in Heterodox Economics and Philosophy of Economics The Economics of Abduction Concluding Remarks References Part IX Abduction in Education and Human Sciences 49 Introduction to Abduction in Education and Human Sciences Contents Introduction to Abduction in Education and Human Sciences References 50 Abduction in Earth Science Education Contents Introduction What Is Abduction? Abduction as Ampliative Reasoning Abduction as Creative Reasoning Abduction as Evaluative and Selective Reasoning The Nature of Earth Science and Abduction as an Earth Scientific Practice Earth Science as a Historical and Interpretive Science Earth Science as a Modeling-Based Science Earth Science as a Systems Science Abduction in the Earth Science Classroom Learning Strategies for Abductive Inquiry The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses Modeling Narrative Explanations Systemic Approaches Teaching Strategies Supporting Students' Abductive Inquiry Learning Conclusions References 51 Abductive Inquiry and Education: Pragmatism Coordinating the Humanities, Human Sciences, and Sciences Contents Introduction Education Minding Minds Experiential Education and Scientific Inquiry Culture in Nature Abductive Inquiry and Knowledge Discovery Nine Modes of Exploratory Discovery Humanistic Disciplines The Two Historical Modes The Two Exposition Modes The Five Scientific Modes Educational Research Scientific Objects, Education Objectives Conclusion References 52 Darwin's Ideas as Epitomes of Abductive Reasoning in the Teaching of School Scientific Explanation and Argumentation Contents Introduction Nature and Function of Abduction in Science and in Science Education Abduction and the Scientific Methodology Abduction Sensu Lato Abduction Sensu Stricto Abductive Reasoning in School Scientific Explanation and Argumentation Examining the Role of Abduction in Charles Darwin's Works Studies on Abductive Reasoning in Darwin's Formulation of His Evolutionary Theory Abductive Reconstruction of Passages from Darwin's Origin Conclusions: The Power of Abduction in Didactics of Science References 53 Abductive Irradiation of Cultural Values in Shared Spaces: The Case of Social Education Through Public Libraries Contents Introduction The Distinction Between Cultural Spaces and Spaces of Culturalization Values Distribution: Behavioral Influence as a Mechanism for Transforming the Environment The Symptom of Invisibilization: The Non-representation Experiences Anticipation: The Role of Autobiography in the Bad Expectations Generation Books, Ways of Reading, and Libraries Sic Eum Legentem Vidimus Tacite: Personal Traits of Silent Reading The Experience of Reading and Studying in Silence Abduction as a Real Social Mediator The Abductive Shared Cosmology Construction Inert Moral Mediators: Irradiation from Agents to Artifacts and Vice Versa The Public Library Experience, Nowadays Idealized Activities Materialized in a Building Fer Barri: The Public Library Brought to the Neighborhood Library Design and Its Structure The Public Library as a Situated Affordance The Public Library as Mediating Artifact and Distributor of Cultural and Moral Values Conclusions: The Distribution of Cultural Values Is a Process Based on Abduction References Part X Abduction, Creative Cognition,and Discovery 54 Introduction to Abduction, Creative Cognition, and Discovery Contents Abduction: A Bridge Between Creativity and Reason Reason and Imagination: Peirce's View of Creativity Representations and Alternatives Costliness and Worthiness of Ideas Pursuit Abstract and Embodied: Abductive Cognition from Minimal to Complex Cognition Surprise and Logical Reasoning References 55 Abduction and Creative Theorizing Contents Abduction and Creative Theorizing Characterizing Abduction as a Creative Form of Reasoning Peirce and the Esperable Uberty of Abduction in Scientific Inquiry The Abductive Peirce-suit of Scientific Inquiry Pursuit-Worthiness as Tractability and the Abduction(s) of Leon Festinger Abductive Reasoning about Dissonance: Speculation about Problematized Phenomenon Abductive Reasoning About Dissonance: Theoretical Antecedents of Style and Strategy Abductive Reasoning about Dissonance: Pursuit-Worthiness as Tractability Summary: From Whence Uberty in Dissonance? Creative Scientific Inquiry as a Logic of Pursuit-Worthiness Conclusions References 56 Creativity and Abduction According to Charles S. Peirce Contents What Is Creativity According to Charles S. Peirce? The Scientific Method: Logic and Imagination Abduction as Engine of Creativity Abduction and Artistic Creativity Abduction and Creative Life: Self-Control Some Peircean Keys to Foster Creative Thinking Conclusion References 57 Surprise as the Dawning of Abductive Rationality: Evidence from Children's Narratives Contents Introduction Launching Abductive Inferencing Surprise as a Device to Invite Conjecture The First Stage of Inquiry The Indispensability of Co-localization Mental Time Travel as Scaffold Evidence from Children's Narratives: Frog, where Are you? Rationale for the Study The Children Design Findings and Interpretations Frequency of Surprising Consequences Tense-Related Findings Narrative Event Sequencing General Discussion Conclusion and Prospects for Future Research References 58 Abduction Beyond Representation Contents Introduction Surprise Phenomenal Beliefs A Non-representational Account of Phenomenal Beliefs A Synechistic Continuum of Belief Representation Continuity and Possibility Synechistic Representation of Beliefs in Abductive Reasoning Concluding Remarks: The Benefits of Synechistic Abduction Accommodating Representationalism Abduction and Prediction References 59 The Foundations of Creativity: Human Inquiry Explained Through the Neuro-Multimodality of Abduction Contents Introduction: Morphological Determination and Cognitive Inevitability The Key Role of Abduction as Cognitive Switch From Complex to Minimal Abduction: A Genealogy Classical Pragmatist Holism Simple Hypothesizing and Adaptive Conjectures The Eco-cognitive Perspective on Minimal Cognition Naturalization of Logic as Anthropomorphization of Cognition Hybridization of Cognitive Processes: Multimodality The Cognition of Creativity Cognitive Triggers: Surprise, Ignorance, and Interest Cognitive Constraints The Neuro-cognitive Basis of Abduction and Related Bioinspired Computation Mirroring (Artificial) Abduction: Machine Learning Conclusions References Part XI Abduction and Technological Design 60 Introduction to Abduction and Technological Design Contents Introduction to Abduction and Technological Design References 61 Abductive Reasoning in Creative Design and Engineering: Crossroads of Data-Driven and Model-Based Engineering Contents Introduction Creativity in Engineering and Design Model-Based and Data-Driven Engineering Abductive Reasoning as Essential Part of Architectural Design and Engineering Processes What Is Design Models in the Design Process The Role of Abductive Reasoning in Design From Beliefs and Habits to Creativity and Surprise Impact of Technology on Design Processes From CAD Drafting Tools to BIM Information Modeling Tools The Connected World: IoT and the Web of Data Simulation Models: Structural Analysis, Energy Simulation Software, Etc. Parametric and Generative Design Tools Technology: An Assistant or ``Just'' an Extra Medium in the Creative Process? Data-Driven and Model-Based Engineering The Machine as an Assistant? Conclusion References 62 Abduction in the Evaluation of Designs Contents Introduction Logical Reasoning in Design Evaluation Identifying Abductions in Natural Language Text Influence of Abductive Reasoning on Design Evaluation Conclusions References 63 Logical Processes Underlying Creative and Innovative Design Contents Introduction Logical Inferences First-Order Abduction-Centric Inference Chain Second-Order Abduction-Centric Inference Chain C-K Mapping and Creative Design Compelling Reason of Creative Design Quantitative Assessment of Creativity Conclusions Appendix A: Calculating Information Content Under Epistemic Uncertainty References 64 Abduction and Design Theory: Disentangling the Two Notions to Unbound Generativity in Science Contents Introduction: Design Theory to Shed New Light on Abduction Abduction and Design: Disentangling the Two Notions Abduction as the “Kernel of Design”? The Critical Issue of Generativity The Issue of Generativity in Abduction Advances in Design Theory: Accounting for Generativity Without Relying on Abduction Disentangling Design Theory and Abduction Opens Avenue for Research Abduction Through the Lens of C-K Design Theory: Bounded and Preservative Generativities in Science Method: Analyze Abduction with Design Theory Analysis One Formulation of Explanatory Abduction Analyzed with C-K Framework One Formulation of Design Abduction Analyzed with C-K Framework Results and Discussion Result 1: The Unknowns in Abduction – Why Scientific Concepts Are More than “Hypotheses” Result 2: Abduction as “Bounded Generativity” Result 3: Toward Unbounded Abduction – Facing the Issue of Preservative Generation Conclusion: Design Theory to Unbound Generativity of Abduction? References Part XII Adversarial Abduction 65 Introduction to Adversarial Abduction Contents Introduction – Abduction and Adversariality References 66 The Epistemology of Secrecy: The Roles of Abduction in the Investigation of Deep State Issues Contents Secrecy As a Scientific Issue A PsyOp of the Late Cold War Secrecy and Abduction Research Techniques Used Multiplicity of Source Types Investigating Parallel Scenarios Interviews Abduction Examples Archives Research Addressing the Delicacy of Information Hedging Wild Information Avoid Lapsing into Unfounded Conspiracy Theories Special Conditions of Secrecy Investigators Theoretical Motivations for Action Probability of a Narrative Versus The Probability of Its Invention Conclusion References 67 Abductive Ruses: The Role of Conjectures in the Epistemology of Deception from High-Level, Reflective Cases to Low-Level, Perceptual Ones Contents Introduction Peircean Elaboration of Abduction Abductive Reasoning in a Naturalized Epistemology Hypotheses and Decision-Making Explanatory Coherence and Deception The Eco-cognitive Model of Abduction Abductive Inference in Exploratory Cognition Regaining Environmental Attunement Through Skilled Sensorimotor Conjectures Abductive Ruse and Sensorimotor Hypotheses in Adversarial Interactions Conclusions References 68 Adversarial Abduction: The Logic of Detection and Deception Contents Introduction Inquiry and Adversariality Cooperative Inquiry Adversarial Rationality Adversarial Inquiry Detecting the Adversary Intelligence Inquiry Affordance Detection The Logic of Deception Inquiry and Deception The Semiotics of Deception Deceiving Abductions Conclusion: Abduction and Adversarial Rationality References 69 Abduction and Violence Contents Abduction, Pregnances, and Affordances in an Eco-cognitive Perspective Abductive Cognition Saliences and Pregnances as Biological and Cognitive Mediators of Morality and Violence Moral Pregnances and Affordances in an Eco-cognitive Perspective The Naturalness of Proto-morality and Violent Punishment The Moral/Violent Abductive Powers of Pregnant Linguistic Signs Abductive Cognition in Violent Mobbing and Scapegoating Mimetic Desire, Abductive Emotions, and Sacrifices Fallacies, Hypotheses, and Distributed ``Military'' Intelligence Judging People Accused of Violence: Abductive Evaluation and Assessment of Evidence and of Fallacious Narratives Conclusion References Part XIII Abduction and Cognitive Neuroscience 70 Introduction to Abduction and Cognitive Neuroscience Contents Abduction in Cognitive Neuroscience: Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Issues References 71 Reverse Inference, Abduction, and Probability in Cognitive Neuroscience Contents Introduction What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? From Cognitive Processes to Neural Regions and Back Again The Problem of Reverse Inference Kinds of Reverse Inference Modeling Reverse Inference: Abductive Reasoning Modeling Reverse Inference: Bayesian Reasoning Open Problems and Future Work Reverse Inference as a Discovery Procedure A Likelihoodist Approach to Reverse Inference Task Relativization and Bayesian Priors Reverse Inference from Brain Networks From Univariate to Multivariate Analysis Cognitive Ontology Conclusion References 72 Abduction: Theory and Evidence Contents Introduction What Is Abduction? Abductive Reasoning: Empirical Support Is Abduction a Recipe for Disaster? The Dynamic Dutch Book Argument Expected Error Minimization The End of Abduction? The Case for Abduction Conclusion References 73 Plausible Reasoning in Neuroscience Contents Introduction What Is Probability? Bayes' Theorem Probability Distributions What Is Statistical Inference? Some Applications of the Bayesian Approach to Inference Problems Parameters Estimation Models Comparison The Bayesian Approach in Neuroscience Behavioral Models Brain Models A Bayes Factor-Based Approach to Neuroimaging Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis Conclusions References Part XIV Miscellaneous 74 Introduction to Miscellaneous Contents Introduction References 75 Galilean Methodology and Abductive Inference Contents The Galilean Dialogue as a Document of a Decisive Conceptual Change Predictivity as the Rationalization of a Fact? Galileo: The Scientist as a “Mathematical Philosopher” Peirce: Abduction as a Rationalization of Any Fact Descartes: The Deductive Method as an Instrument of Research Vailati: The Deductive Method as an Instrument of Research From the Dogma of the Method to a Critical-Historical-Normative Image of Knowledge Galileo: Detective or Scientist? Conclusions References 76 Abduction as Phylogenetic Inference: Epistemological Perspectives in Scientific Practices Contents Introduction Guessing and Abductive Reasoning The Biological Puzzles and Their Abductive Solution Epistemology and Phylogenetic Inference A Third Way: Abductive Reasoning and Systematics The Abominable Darwinian Puzzle and Its Abductive Solution Perspectives on Abduction and Scientific Practices The Heuristic Value of the Extra-Logical Components of Abduction The Importance of the Causal Explanations in Systematics Reconceptualization of Research Contexts for the Solution of Scientific Puzzles Conclusions References 77 Abductive Research Methods in Psychological Science Contents Introduction Exploratory Factor Analysis Introduction The Principle of the Common Cause Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Principle of the Common Cause The Strategy of Analogical Modeling Analogical Modeling Analogical Abduction The Dramaturgical Model Inference to the Best Explanation The Theory of Explanatory Coherence The Ising Model of Explanatory Coherence Structural Equation Modeling Conclusion References 78 Motor Simulation of Facial Expressions, But Not Emotional Mirroring, Depends on Automatic Sensorimotor Abduction Contents Simulationist Models of Face-Based Emotion Recognition Disentangling Between Motor Simulation and Emotional Mirroring: Two Simulation Systems in the Human Frontal Cortex The Emotional Network Supporting “Emotional Mirroring” The Motor/Premotor Network Supporting “Motor Simulation” Interpreting “Emotional Mirroring” and “Motor Simulation” as “Affective” and “Motor” Habits Affective and Motor Habits Knowledge-Based and Ignorance-Based Habits Motor Simulation and Automatic Abduction in the Recognition of Facial Expression From Automatic Sensorimotor Abduction to Active Inference Conclusions References 79 Abduction and Metaphysics Contents Methodological and Theoretical Introduction Peirce's Concept of Abduction Peirce's Idea of Metaphysics Peirce on Abduction and Metaphysics The Fundamental Abduction of Reality Hope, Abduction, and Reality Abduction and a Posteriori Metaphysics The Abduction of God Peirce on Metaphysics and Abduction Evolutionary Metaphysics and Abduction Instinct Synechism and Objective Idealism Clarifications on Peirce's Objective Idealism Modality and Abduction Peirce's Modal Realism Modality, Pragmatism, and Abduction Abduction and Realism Peirce's Realisms and Current Debates on Scientific Realism Ontological Realism: Peirce on Hard Facts and Reality Intelligible, Open Reality and the Reality of Laws Conclusions References 80 Deduction–Abduction–Induction Chains in Plato's Phaedo and Parmenides Contents Introduction Classification of Reasoning and Processes Plato: Introduction Apology: The argument for why death should not be feared Euthyphro: Search for the Definition of “Piety” Evidence of Abduction–Deduction–Induction Chains in Meno and Republic Phaedo: Proof for the Immortality of the Soul The four-staged argument for the immortality of the soul The Proof for the Immortality of the Soul in the Context of Phaedo Narrative The Deduction–Abduction–Deduction–Induction Chain in the Phaedo Deduction–Abduction–Inductive Chains in Plato's Parmenides Dilemma of Participation: Abductions Embedded in Deduction Largeness Regress: Abduction embedded in deduction Dilemma of Participation and the Largeness Regress in the Context of the Narrative of Plato's Parmenides Conclusion: Plato as Master of Model-Based Reasoning and Abduction References 81 Reason-Giving-Based Accounts of Abduction Contents Introduction Argument Versus Reasoning Perspectives on Argument The Normativity of a Common Practice Abductive Argument Versus Abductive Reasoning Argumentative Approaches to Abduction Dialogue Types for Abduction Abduction in Critical Discussions Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions for Abduction Josephson's Considerations and Argumentative Analyses Philosophical Models of Explanation The Inferencist Versus Reasonist Distinction and IBE Abduction and Selection of Hypotheses in Argumentative Scientific Practice Conclusion References 82 Tracking Abductive Reasoning in the Natural Sciences Contents Introduction Controversies Around the Scientific Method The Weight of Induction in Science Standard Abduction in the Natural Sciences Abduction by Elimination of Alternative Hypotheses Earth Sciences The Contraction Theory Continental Drift Versus Contraction Theory Explaining Continental Drift by the Plate Tectonics Model Paleoanthropology Two Amazing Discoveries in the Sierra de Atapuerca: Homo Antecessor and an Archaic Species Related to the Modern Denisova Man The Nesher Ramla Homo Preduction in the Theoretical Natural Sciences Einstein's and De Broglie's Anticipation of the Particle-Wave Duality of Light and Matter Compton's Anticipation of the Existence of a Wavelength for Electrons General Consequences About Theoretical Preduction Sophisticated Abduction Conclusion References 83 Inference to the Best Explanation: An Overview Contents Introduction What Is Inference to the Best Explanation? IBE as Four-Step Argument Schema The Importance of Background Knowledge Some Further Applications of IBE Peirce's Abduction and IBE: An Aside When Do Facts Require an Explanation? What Counts as an Explanation? The Plentitude Problem The Primitivist Response The Pluralist Response Does IBE Require a “Model” of Explanation? Do the Explanatory Virtues Track the Truth? New Directions: IBE and Bayesianism Conclusion References 84 The Limits of Subjectivism: On the Relation Between IBE and (Objective) Bayesianism Contents Introduction The Contours of the Debate Between Bayesianism and Explanationism Why Should the Bayesian and the Explanationist Be Friends at All? Subjective Versus Objective Compatibilism Wither Explanatory Virtues? May Subjective Considerations Compromise Objective Compatibilism? Subjective Virtues Fixing the Priors/Likelihoods Weighing the Virtues Partial Virtues The Prospects of Objective Compatibilism Conclusions References Index