Harmonic Modeling of Voltage Source Converters using Basic Numerical Methods

Description

Harmonic Modeling of Voltage Source Converters using Basic Numerical Methods One of the first books to bridge the gap between frequency domain and time-domain methods of steady-state modeling of power electronic converters Harmonic Modeling of Voltage Source Converters using Basic Numerical Methods presents detailed coverage of steady-state modeling of power electronic devices (PEDs). This authoritative resource describes both large-signal and small-signal modeling of power converters and how some of the simple and commonly used numerical methods can be applied for harmonic analysis and modeling of power converter systems. The book covers a variety of power converters including DC-DC converters, diode bridge rectifiers (AC-DC), and voltage source converters (DC-AC). The authors provide in-depth guidance on modeling and simulating power converter systems. Detailed chapters contain relevant theory, practical examples, clear illustrations, sample Python and MATLAB codes, and validation enabling readers to build their own harmonic models for various PEDs and integrate them with existing power flow programs such as OpenDss. This book: Presents comprehensive large-signal and small-signal harmonic modeling of voltage source converters with various topologies Describes how to use accurate steady-state models of PEDs to predict how device harmonics will interact with the rest of the power system Explains the definitions of harmonics, power quality indices, and steady-state analysis of power systems Covers generalized steady-state modeling techniques, and accelerated methods for closed-loop converters Shows how the presented models can be combined with neural networks for power system parameter estimations Harmonic Modeling of Voltage Source Converters using Basic Numerical Methods is an indispensable reference and guide for researchers and graduate students involved in power quality and harmonic analysis, power engineers working in the field of harmonic power flow, developers of power simulation software, and academics and power industry professionals wanting to learn about harmonic modeling on power converters. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgments Symbols Chapter 1 Fundamental Theory 1.1 Background 1.2 Definition of Harmonics 1.3 Fourier Series 1.3.1 Trigonometric Form 1.3.2 Phasor Form 1.3.3 Exponential Form 1.4 Waveform Symmetry 1.4.1 Even Symmetry 1.4.2 Odd Symmetry 1.4.3 Half‐Wave Symmetry 1.5 Phase Sequence of Harmonics 1.6 Frequency Domain and Harmonic Domain 1.7 Power Definitions 1.7.1 Average Power 1.7.2 Apparent and Reactive Power 1.8 Harmonic Indices 1.8.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 1.8.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) 1.8.3 True Power Factor 1.9 Detrimental Effects of Harmonics 1.9.1 Resonance 1.9.2 Misoperations of Meters and Relays 1.9.3 Harmonics Impact on Motors 1.9.4 Harmonics Impact on Transformers 1.10 Characteristic Harmonic and Non‐Characteristic Harmonic 1.11 Harmonic Current Injection Method 1.12 Steady‐State vs. Transient Response 1.13 Steady‐State Modeling 1.14 Large‐Signal Modeling vs. Small‐Signal Modeling 1.15 Discussion of IEEE Standard (STD) 519 1.16 Supraharmonics Chapter 2 Power Electronics Basics 2.1 Some Basics 2.2 Semiconductors vs. Wide Bandgap Semiconductors 2.3 Types of Static Switches 2.3.1 Uncontrolled Static Switch 2.3.2 Semi‐Controllable Switches 2.3.3 Controlled Switch 2.4 Combination of Switches 2.5 Classification Based on Commutation Process 2.6 Voltage Source Converter vs. Current Source Converter Chapter 3 Basic Numerical Iterative Methods 3.1 Definition of Error 3.2 The Gauss–Seidel Method 3.3 Predictor‐Corrector 3.4 Newton's Method 3.4.1 Root Finding 3.4.2 Numerical Integration 3.4.3 Power Flow 3.4.4 Harmonic Power Flow 3.4.5 Shooting Method 3.4.6 Advantages of Newton's Method 3.4.7 Quasi‐Newton Method 3.4.8 Limitation of Newton's Method 3.5 PSO Chapter 4 Matrix Exponential 4.1 Definition of Matrix Exponential 4.2 Evaluation of Matrix Exponential 4.2.1 Inverse Laplace Transform 4.2.2 Cayley–Hamilton Method 4.2.3 Padé Approximation 4.2.4 Scaling and Squaring 4.3 Krylov Subspace Method 4.4 Krylov Space Method with Restarting 4.5 Application of Augmented Matrix on DC‐DC Converters 4.6 Runge–Kutta Methods Chapter 5 Modeling of Voltage Source Converters 5.1 Single‐Phase Two‐Level VSCs 5.1.1 Switching Functions 5.1.2 Switched Circuits 5.2 Three‐Phase Two‐Level VSCs 5.3 Three‐Phase Multilevel Voltage Source Converter 5.3.1 Multilevel PWM 5.3.2 Diode Clamped Multilevel VSCs 5.3.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel VSCs 5.3.4 Cascaded Multi‐Level VSCs 5.3.5 Modular Multi‐Level VSC Chapter 6 Frequency Coupling Matrices 6.1 Construction of FCM in the Harmonic Domain 6.2 Construction of FCM in the Time Domain Chapter 7 General Control Approaches of a VSC 7.1 Reference Frame 7.1.1 Stationary‐abc Frame 7.1.2 Stationary‐αβ Frame 7.1.3 Synchronous‐dq Frame 7.1.4 Phase‐Locked Loop 7.2 Control Strategies 7.2.1 Vector‐Current Controller 7.2.2 Direct Power Controller 7.2.3 DC‐bus Voltage Controller 7.2.4 Circulating Current Controller Chapter 8 Generalized Steady‐State Solution Procedure for Closed‐Loop Converter Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Generalized Procedure 8.2.1 Step 1: Determine How and Where to Break the Loop 8.2.2 Step 2: Check if the Calculation Flows of the Broken System are Feasible 8.2.3 Step 3: Determine What Domain of Each Component in the System Should be Modeled 8.2.4 Step 4: Formulate the Mismatch Equations 8.2.5 Step 5: Iterate to Find the Solution 8.3 Previously Proposed Methods Derived from the Proposed Solution Procedures 8.3.1 Steady‐State Methods Derived from Loop‐Breaking 1 Method 8.3.2 Steady‐State Methods Derived from Loop‐Breaking 2 Method 8.4 The Loop‐Breaking 3 Method Chapter 9 Loop‐Breaking 1 Method 9.1 A Typical Two‐Level VSC with AC Current Control and DC Voltage Control 9.2 Loop‐Breaking 1 Method for a Two‐Level VSC 9.2.1 Block 1 9.2.2 Current Controller Block 9.2.3 Voltage Controller Block 9.3 Solution Flow Diagram 9.3.1 Initialization 9.3.2 Jacobian Matrix 9.3.3 Number of Modulating Voltage Harmonics to be Included Chapter 10 Loop‐Breaking 2 Method for Solving a VSC 10.1 Modeling for a Closed‐Loop DC‐DC Converter 10.1.1 Model of the Buck Converter 10.1.2 Constraints of Steady‐State 10.1.3 Switching Time Constraints 10.1.4 Solution Flow Diagram 10.2 Two‐Level VSC Modeling: Open‐Loop Equations 10.2.1 Steady‐State Constraints 10.2.2 Switching Time Constraints 10.2.3 Solution Flow Diagram 10.2.4 Initialization 10.2.5 Jacobian Matrix 10.3 Comparison Between the LB 1 and LB 2 Methods 10.3.1 Case #1: Balanced System 10.3.2 Case #2: Unbalanced System with AC Waveform Exhibiting Half‐Wave Symmetry 10.3.3 Case #3: Unbalanced System, No Waveform Symmetry 10.4 Large‐Signal Modeling for Line‐Commutated Power Converter 10.4.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode 10.4.2 Continuous Conduction Mode 10.4.3 Steady‐State Constraint Equations 10.4.4 General Comments Chapter 11 Loop‐Breaking 3 Method 11.1 OpenDSS 11.2 Interfacing OpenDSS with MATLAB 11.3 Interfacing OpenDSS with Harmonic Models of VSCs Chapter 12 Small‐Signal Harmonic Model of a VSC 12.1 Problem Statement 12.2 Gauss–Seidel LB 3 and Newton LB 3 12.2.1 Current Injection Method 12.2.2 Norton Circuit Method 12.3 Small‐Signal Analysis of DC‐DC Converter 12.4 Small‐Signal Analysis of a Two‐Level VSC 12.4.1 Approach from Section 12.3 12.4.2 Simpler Approach Chapter 13 Parameter Estimation for a Single VSC 13.1 Background on Parameter Estimation 13.2 Parameter Estimator Based on White‐Box‐and‐Black‐Box Models 13.3 Estimation Validations 13.3.1 Experimental Validation 13.3.2 PSCAD/EMTDC Validation Chapter 14 Parameter Estimation for Multiple VSCs with Domain Adaptation 14.1 Introduction of Deep Learning 14.2 Domain Adaptation 14.3 Parameter Estimation for Multiple VSCs 14.4 Notations for DA 14.5 Supervised Domain Adaptation for Regression 14.6 Supervised Domain Adaptation for Classification 14.7 Test Setup 14.7.1 Data Generator 14.7.2 Data Preprocessing 14.8 Performance Metrics 14.8.1 R square (Regression) 14.8.2 Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE (Regression) 14.8.3 Accuracy (Classification) 14.8.4 F1 score (Classification) 14.9 Test Results 14.9.1 Classification Task on Multiple VSC 14.9.2 Regression Task on Multiple VSC 14.10 Software for Running the Codes 14.11 Implementation of Domain Adaptation 14.11.1 Data Generation 14.11.2 Regression 14.11.3 Classification Network References Index EULA