International Handbook of Population and Environment

Description

This handbook presents a timely and comprehensive overview of theory, data, methods and research findings that connect human population dynamics and environmental context. It presents regional summaries of empirical findings on migration and environmental connections and summarizes environmental impacts of migration – such as urbanization and deforestation. It also offers background on the health implications of environmental conditions such as climate change, natural disasters, scarcity of natural resources, as well as on resource scarcity and fertility, gender considerations in population and environment, and the connections between population size, growth, composition and carbon emissions. This handbook helps readers to better understand the complexities within population-environment connections, in addition to some of the opportunities and challenges within environmental demography. As such this collection is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and policy analysts in the areas of demography, migration, fertility, health and mortality, as well as environmental, global and development studies. Acknowledgments Contents 1 Integrating the Environment into Population Research Motivated, But on the Margins Environmental Dimensions of Migration Environmental Dimensions of Fertility Environmental Dimensions of Population Health and Mortality Time for Better Integration? Moving Forward Part I Theoretical Perspectives 2 Population and Environment Interactions: Macro Perspectives Introduction Defining the “Environment” Population and the Environment Historically Malthus, Boulding, and Boserup: The Population-Subsistence Debate Developing Measures of the Earth's Carrying Capacity A Finite World: Arguments and Counterarguments on the Centrality of Population in Environmental Deterioration Complexity in a Simple Equation: The Development of IPAT The Ecological Footprint, Scientific or Political Concept? Systems Modelling of Population-Environment Interactions Population as a Driver of Climate Change Conclusion 3 A Micro Perspective: Elaborating Demographic Contributions to the Livelihoods Framework Introduction Classic to Contemporary Micro Perspectives Early Ideas About Environmental Endowment Impacts on Demographic Behavior Overall Demographic Impacts on Environmental Endowments Human Migration Impacts on Environmental Endowments Environmental Impacts on Migration and Health The Demography of Household Consumption and Its Impacts on Environmental Sustainability Demographic Contributions to the Livelihoods Framework: An Integrative Scientific Paradigm Conclusion 4 Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity from a Demographic Perspective Introduction Relevance of Demography to Global Climate Change Research Application of Demographic Concepts and Tools in Climate Change Research Demographically Differentiated Vulnerability Physiologic Susceptibility Differential Exposure Differential Adaptive Capacity Education as a Key to Reducing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Mechanisms Through Which Education Reduces Vulnerability Evidence on the Role of Formal Education in Vulnerability Reduction Demographic Metabolism Theory and Multi-dimensional Demography Forecasting Societies' Adaptive Capacity Based on Socioeconomic Development Scenarios Human Core of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) Predicting Future Climate Vulnerability Under the SSPs Discussion and Conclusion Part II Data & Methods 5 Household-Scale Data and Analytical Approaches Introduction Conceptual Model Data Sources Censuses Household Surveys Large-Scale, Multi-National Surveys Large-Scale, Single-Country Surveys Small-Scale Surveys Demographic Surveillance Systems Administrative Records and Vital Statistics Analytic Approaches Measuring Environmental Exposures Controlling for Confounding Variables Identifying Causal Mechanisms Substantive Interpretation of Findings Opportunities for Innovation Conclusion 6 Spatial Data and Analytical Approaches Introduction Laying the Groundwork: Key Spatial Definitions and Concepts Defining Spatial Types of Spatial Data Spatial Analytical Approaches Key Challenges and Limitations Spatially-Explicit Work in the Population and Environment Literature Migration and the Environment Fertility and the Environment Mortality, Health, and the Environment Future Directions Multi-scalar Approach Spatial Differentiation Across the Globe Social-Environmental Vulnerability 7 Qualitative Data and Approaches to Population–Environment Inquiry Introduction Overview of Qualitative Methods and Concerns Qualitative Research Examples Example 1. Scientific Versus Local Knowledge Example 2. Individual Experiences in Their Environment Example 3. Participatory Action Research into Local Practices and Regional Dynamics of Seed Management Examining the Validity of Qualitative Methods Conclusions Part III Migration & Environment 8 Building a Policy-Relevant Research Agenda on Environmental Migration in Africa Introduction Which Environmental Risks Are Pervasive in Africa? Building a Consensus on Observed Climate Migration Patterns in Africa Future Directions in Environmental Migration Research in Africa Measurement of Migration Exposure to Environmental Stressors Mechanisms Conclusion 9 Water Stress and Migration in Asia Introduction Identifying Research on Water Stress in Asia Findings Declining Agricultural Production Is a Commonly Cited Mechanism for Translating Water Stress into Migration Study Geography in Asia Is Broadly Out of Step with Greatest Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Overcoming Data Gaps Institutions and Policies Have an Important Intervening Role in Asia Discussion The Policy Implications of Research Appendix 1: Additional Articles Considered in the Geospatial Review 10 Environmentally Informed Migration in North America Introduction Development, Environmental Management, and Population Redistribution in North America Environmental Management and Human Settlement in North America Urbanization and the Environment as an Amenity Three Types of Environmental Migration Amenity Migration Natural Hazard-Related Migration Anthropogenic Hazards and Migration The Future of North American Environmental Migration Place and Social Vulnerability to Climate Change Policies Influencing Environmental Migration Conclusion 11 Environmental Migration in Latin America Introduction Environmental Migration in Mexico Climate Variability and International Migration Climate Variability and Internal Migration Environmental Migration in Central America Overview of Environment-Migration Connections in Central America Migration Following Natural Disasters Impacts of International Migration on Land-Use Change Environmental Migration in the Caribbean Environmental Degradation, Natural Disasters, and Migration Environmental Migration in South America Climatic Variability and Migration Across the Region, and in Comparative Perspective Dams and Displacement in Brazil Conclusions Part IV Health and Mortality 12 Air Pollution, Health, and Mortality Introduction Air Pollution and Health Physiological Mechanisms and the Life Cycle Methodological Challenges and Approaches Global Distribution of Air Pollution Exposure and the Concentration-Response Curve Effects of Air Pollution in Developed Vs. Developing Countries Inequality in Exposure Inequality in Effect Conditional on Exposure Co-Benefits & Climate Change: Population Health Consequences in the Long Run Data Availability Independent Variables: Air Pollution Data Dependent Variables: Mortality and Population Health Conclusion 13 Population and Water Issues: Going Beyond Scarcity International Recognition of the Population–Water Nexus Water-Related Challenges to Population Health Major Demographic Variations Age Sex and Gender Socio-economic Status Household Composition Place of Residence Conclusion 14 Heat, Mortality, and Health Introduction Climate Change, Extreme Temperatures, and Heat Waves Heat Waves and Mortality How Heat Kills Some Notable Heat Waves Using Population-Level Data to Understand Links Between Heat and Mortality Heat and Mortality among Infants and Children Climate Change and Adaptation Prenatal Heat Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes Heat, Food Security, and Undernutrition Heat and Infectious Diseases Future Research Directions and Data Needs 15 Land Use Change and Health Introduction Conceptual Model of Land Use Change and Health Agricultural Extensification and Intensification Agricultural Expansion and Deforestation Agricultural Intensification CAFOs and Livestock Farming Infrastructure Expansion City Expansion Communicable and Vector-Borne Diseases Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) Accidents and Injuries Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Road Development Roads, Increased Population Movement and Mixing, and Health Impact of Road Development on the Local Physical and Chemical Environment and Ecosystem Extractive Industry Conclusions 16 Health and Mortality Consequences of Natural Disasters Introduction A Conceptual Framework Pre-Event Factors Factors Related to the Disaster Event Long-Term Consequences and Invisible Factors Current State of the Field – Disasters and Health Levels of Impact Community-Level Impacts Household-Level Impacts Individual-Level Impacts Timing of Impacts Short Term Impacts Medium Term Impacts Longer Term Impacts Disparities in Post-Disaster Health Impacts The Influence of Pre-Disaster Circumstances The Influence of Circumstances During the Disaster Resilience Current State of the Field – Disasters and Mortality Conclusions and Recommendations for Moving Forward the Field on Health, Mortality, and Natural Disasters Part V The Influence of Demographic Dynamics on the Environment 17 Cities and Their Environments Introduction Demography, Geography, and Sustainability Empirical Regularities in Urbanization Local Governments Environmental Risks Facing Urban Dwellers Inadequate Access to Fresh Water Drought Urban Heat and Air Pollution Flooding Landslide Risks Environmental Effects of Urbanization: The Urban–Rural Interface Vector-Borne Disease Risks Cropland Loss Threats to Biodiversity Fire Risks Along the Wildland–Urban Interface Subsidence in Deltaic and Coastal Areas Conclusion 18 Population and Agricultural Change Introduction The Theories, the Grand Debate, and Evidence Up to the 1990's Malthus and Boserup Extensions and Alternative Theoretical Approaches to Analyzing the Determinants of Extensification vs. Intensification Some Evidence Up to the 1990s, from Case Studies Land Extensification Intensification of Land Use Evidence Up to the 1990s: Cross-Country Quantitative Evidence Reassessment of the Theory and Definitions Clearing Up Definitional Ambiguities Linkages Between Malthus and Boserup? More Recent Evidence A Meta-appraisal of the Literature in Journal Articles Since About 2000 Focusing on Land Extensification Focusing on Intensification Some Conclusions Regarding Extensification vs. Intensification Studies Since 2000 and the Role of Population A Broader Sweep of the Data for 130 Developing Countries, 1961–2008 Reflections and Moving Forward Quick Summary of Main Points from the Literature Review and Update Policy Implications Research Needs, Macro Level Going Forward Research Needs, Micro Level Going Forward Appendix 19 Population and Energy Consumption/Carbon Emissions: What We Know, What We Should Focus on Next Introduction Demographic Determinants of Energy Use/Carbon Emissions Age Structure and Household Composition Population Density Household Size Cohort vs Life-Cycle Effects Demographic Factors and the Adoption of Energy-Savings/Carbon-Reducing Technologies Moving Forward What Not to Do What Not to Do—STIRPAT What Not to Do—Urbanization What to Do What to Do – Prediction What to Do – Policy What to Do – The Supply of Energy What to Do – Multiple Equation Modeling What to Do – Expanding the Geographic Scope What to Do – Education What to Do – A Reverse Effect? Conclusions Part VI Other Arenas 20 Environment and Fertility Introduction Environment and Fertility: Methods, Understandings, and Theories Conceptualizing the Environment: Shocks Vs. Stressors Conceptualizing the Environment: Human Vs. Nature Conceptualizing Pathways: Behavioral Vs. Physiological Conceptualizing Pathways: Direct Vs. Indirect Conceptualizing Fertility: Pre-Conception Vs. Post-Conception Outcomes Conceptualizing Research: Observational Vs. Intervention-Centered Studies Multiphasic Response Life Cycle Hypotheses Fertility and Household Endowments Risk Diversification Child Survival and Replacement Vicious Circle Model Union Formation and Fertility Desires Factors Affecting Conception and Early Pregnancy Loss Probability Live Births Household Economic Impacts Disruption of Livelihoods in Disasters Environmental Contributors to Birth Seasonality Heat-Related Physiological Mechanisms Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Environmental Shocks and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Environmental Stressors and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Population, Health, and Environment Programs Conclusion 21 Gender, Population and the Environment Introduction How Does Gender Shape Population-Environment Linkages? Gender and Environment Theory Major Areas of Research Gender and Perceptions of Environmental Change and Risk Gender and Environmental Impact Gender and Adaptation Gendered Outcomes of Environmental Shocks and Stressors Methodological Considerations and Critiques Gaps, Challenges, and Future Directions 22 Socio-demographic Inequalities in Environmental Exposures The Urbanization and Industrialization of New Environmental Exposures The Failure of New Regulations to Curb Unjust Environmental Exposures Advancing Contextual and Demographic Understandings of Unequal Exposures Uncovering Exposures to Relict Industrial Wastes The Unequal Impacts of “Natural” Hazards in the Age of Climate Change Conclusion Part VII Conclusion & Reflections 23 Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of Population-Environment Research 24 Environmental Migration Scholarship and Policy: Recent Progress, Future Challenges