Geology, Petrography and Geochemistry of Basaltic Rock in Central India

Description

This book examines novel geological formations and lava flows of basaltic rock in India, and provides a comprehensive understanding of basaltic rock geology, petrography, stratigraphy and geochemistry. Readers are given insight into the geologic conditions of basaltic rock in central India, and a basic introduction to field geology methods and parameters in the study region. The author shows detailed petrographic and mineralogical characteristics of various basaltic rock formations, and identifies key features using major, trace and rare earth element stratigraphic analysis. An analysis of the sequence of hydro-geological formations of the basaltic rock area using ground water fluctuation models is also provided to assess surface and groundwater resources, which are important for planning development in the basaltic hard rock area. The book aims to be a resource for researchers, scientists, teachers and students interested in geology, petrography and geochemistry. Contents About the Author Chapter 1: Introduction of Field Geology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Geology of the Area 1.2.1 Alluvial Deposits 1.3 Field Geology 1.3.1 Flow Nature and Classification 1.3.2 Field Classification 1.3.2.1 Aphyric to Plagioclase Microphyric Flow 1.3.2.2 Aphyric, Amygdaloidal Flow 1.3.2.3 Plagioclase-Mafic Microphyric Flow 1.3.2.4 Massive, Mafic Phyric Flow 1.3.2.5 Plagioclase Phyric Flow 1.3.2.6 Massive, Mafic Phyric Flow 1.3.2.7 Massive, Aphyric Flow 1.3.2.8 Mafic Phyric, Amygdaloidal Flow 1.3.2.9 Aphyric, Compact, Massive Flow 1.3.2.10 Mafic Phyric Flow 1.3.2.11 Aphyric Amygdaloidal Flow 1.4 Field Stratigraphy 1.4.1 Palsi-Budruk Area 1.4.2 Hingana-Karegaon Field Traverse 1.4.3 Nilgaon Field Traverse 1.4.4 Lakhangaon Field Traverse 1.4.5 Kinhi Field Traverse 1.5 Conclusion 1.5.1 Correlation and Distribution of Lava Sequences References Chapter 2: Petrography 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Petrography of Atali Formation 2.2.1.1 Aphyric to Plagioclase Flow 2.2.1.2 Aphyric, Amygdaloidal Basalt Flow 2.2.1.3 Plagioclase-Mafic Micro-phyric Basalt Flow 2.2.1.4 Maficphyric Flow 2.2.1.5 Massive, Plagioclase Phyric Flow 2.2.1.6 Mafic Phyric Flow 2.3 Petrography of “Lokhanda” Formation 2.3.1 Compact, Massive, Aphyric Flow 2.3.2 Mafic Phyric, Amygdaloidal Flow 2.3.3 Aphyric, Compact, Massive Flows 2.4 Petrography of Amdapur Formation 2.4.1 Mafic Phyric Flow 2.4.2 Aphyric Amygdaloidal Basalt with Primary Glassy Patches 2.5 Results and Discussion 2.6 Textural Variations of Lava Flows and Their Genetic Significance 2.7 Modal Composition of the Flows 2.8 Mineral Assemblage in Basaltic Flow of Study Area 2.9 Primary Constituents 2.9.1 Plagioclase 2.9.1.1 Mode of Occurrence of Plagioclase 2.9.1.2 Twinning of Plagioclase 2.9.1.3 Zoning in Plagioclase 2.9.2 Clinopyroxene 2.9.3 Olivine 2.9.4 Opaque Minerals 2.9.5 Primary Glass 2.10 Secondary Constituents 2.10.1 Zeolite Group of Minerals 2.11 Order of Crystallization and Composition of Lava Flows Exposed 2.12 Conclusion 2.12.1 Petrographic Characters of the Samples Collected from the Mahesh River Basin 2.12.1.1 Sample PB1 2.12.1.2 Sample PB2 2.12.1.3 Sample NG1 2.12.1.4 Sample HK2 2.12.1.5 Sample PB3 2.12.1.6 Sample PB4 2.12.1.7 Sample NG2 2.12.1.8 Sample NG3 2.12.1.9 Sample LG1 2.12.1.10 Sample LG2 2.12.1.11 Sample KH1 2.12.1.12 Sample LG3 2.12.1.13 Sample KH2 2.12.1.14 Sample LG4 2.12.1.15 Sample KH3 2.12.1.16 Sample KH4 References Chapter 3: Stratigraphy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stratigraphic Nomenclature 3.2.1 Group 3.2.2 Subgroup 3.2.3 Formation 3.2.4 Member 3.2.5 Flow 3.2.6 Chemical Type 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Flow Stratigraphy 3.3.2 Stratigraphy of “Atali” Formation 3.3.2.1 Chemical Type 1 3.3.2.2 Chemical Type 2 3.3.2.3 Chemical Type 3 3.3.2.4 Chemical Type 4 3.4 Stratigraphy of Lokhanda Formation 3.4.1 Chemical Type 1 3.4.2 Chemical Type 2 3.5 Stratigraphy of Amdapur Formation 3.5.1 Chemical Type 1 3.5.2 Chemical Type 3 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Geochemistry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geochemical: Variation and Petrogenesis of Lava Flows 4.3 Major Element Geochemistry 4.3.1 Alkali Silica Variation 4.3.2 Variation of MgO Versus All Oxides 4.4 TiO2 Versus MgO, P2O5, K2O, and CaO/TiO2 Variation 4.5 (FeO/MgO) Versus SiO2, FeO, MgO; Al2O3/SiO2 Versus MgO; and Al2O3 Versus CaO and Alkali Index Variation 4.6 Harker Variation Diagram 4.7 P2O5 Versus Major Element Variation 4.8 Trace Element Geochemistry 4.8.1 Zr Versus All Major and Trace Elements Variation 4.9 P2O5 Trace Element Variation 4.10 MgO Versus Trace Elements Variation 4.11 Variation of Ba/Zr Versus Cu, Cr, Ni Versus Cr, Ti/Yb Versus Nd 4.11.1 Fe/(Fe+Mg) Versus Cr/(Cr+Al) Variation 4.11.2 Y/Zr Versus Ba/Zr and P2O5/TiO2 Variation 4.12 Rare Earth Element Geochemistry 4.12.1 (Ce)N Versus (Ce/Yb)N and Ce Versus La, Zr Variation 4.12.2 Variations of CaO Versus (La/Sm)N and (La/Yb)N; (La/Sm)N Versus (La/Ytb)N; Yb Versus La/Sm 4.12.3 P2O5/Y Versus TiO2/Y and Zr/Y Variations 4.13 MORB Normalised Trac Elements Enrichment Pattern 4.14 Conclusion 4.14.1 Geochemical and Petrogenetic Variation of the Lava Flows References Chapter 5: Sedimentology 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Alluvial Deposits in the Central India River 5.3 Methodology of Granulometric Analysis of Sediments 5.4 Sampling 5.4.1 Preparation of Samples 5.4.2 Size Scale 5.5 Results of Presentation of Grain-Size Frequency Distribution 5.5.1 Graphical Presentation 5.5.1.1 Histograms 5.5.1.2 Frequency Curve 5.5.1.3 Cumulative Curve 5.5.2 Statistical Parameters of Grain-Size 5.5.2.1 Graphical Computation Techniques Measures of Average Size Graphic Mean (MZ) Median (Md) Mode (M0) 5.5.2.2 Measures of Uniformity Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation (σI) Measure of Skewness (SKI) Measure of Kurtosis or Peakedness (KG) Inclusive Graphic Kurtosis (KG) Simple Sorting Measure (SOS) Simple Skewness Measure (αS) Simple Skewness Measure (Mode) (αM) 5.6 Interpretation of Grain-Size Data 5.6.1 Histograms 5.6.2 Frequency Curves 5.6.3 Cumulative Curves 5.6.4 Univariate Parameters 5.6.4.1 Median 5.6.4.2 Graphic Mean 5.6.4.3 Sorting 5.6.4.4 Skewness 5.6.4.5 Kurtosis 5.6.5 Bivariate Discriminate Plots 5.6.5.1 Inclusive Graphic Standard Deviation (σ1) Versus Inclusive Graphic Skewness (SKI) 5.6.5.2 Graphic Mean (Mz) Versus Standard Deviation (σ1) 5.6.5.3 Median (Md) Versus Standard Deviation (σ1) 5.6.5.4 Graphic Mean (Mz) Versus Skewness (SKI) 5.6.5.5 Graphic Mean (Mz) Versus Kurtosis (KG) 5.6.5.6 Skewness (SKI) Versus Kurtosis (KG) 5.6.5.7 Simple Skewness Measures (αs) and Simple Skewness Measures (αM) Versus Simple Sorting Measures (SOS) 5.6.5.8 Standard Deviation Versus Kurtosis (KG) 5.6.6 C.M. Pattern 5.6.7 Multigroup Discrimination Plots 5.6.8 Discussion 5.7 Conclusion 5.7.1 Heavy Mineral Analysis 5.7.2 Heavy Mineral Separation Procedure 5.7.3 Description of Heavy Minerals 5.7.3.1 Opaque Minerals 5.7.3.2 Micas 5.7.3.3 Ilmenite 5.7.3.4 Zircon 5.7.3.5 Magnetite 5.7.4 Interpretation References Chapter 6: Hydrogeology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Hydrogeological Investigation Data 6.3 Results of Groundwater Properties of the Formation 6.3.1 Alluvium 6.3.2 Deccan Trap 6.3.3 Massive Basalt 6.3.4 Vesicular Basalt 6.3.5 Weathered Basalt 6.4 Geomorphological Control for Groundwater Potential 6.4.1 Topography 6.4.2 Depth to Water Level 6.5 Groundwater Level Fluctuations 6.6 Groundwater Quality 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Parameter for Analysis of Groundwater 6.6.2.1 Physical Parameter Color Turbidity Temperature Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) pH Electrical Conductivity (EC) 6.6.3 Chemical Parameter 6.6.3.1 Dissolved Solids 6.6.3.2 Calcium 6.6.3.3 Chloride 6.6.3.4 Sulfates 6.6.3.5 Fluorides 6.6.3.6 Acidity 6.6.3.7 Alkalinity 6.6.3.8 Hardness 6.7 Classification Based on Water Use Criteria 6.7.1 Drinking Water Quality Standards 6.7.2 Agriculture Water Quality Standards References Chapter 7: Conclusion Index