The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)

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The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335) Copyright Dedication Contents List of Acronyms Note on Transliterations Note on Translations Note on Bibliography List of Maps Introduction Previous Scholarship Primary Sources Chapter One A Brief Historical Background of the Armenians and Mongols The Armenians in Greater Armenia The Armenians in Cilician Armenia The Mongols Chapter Two Mongol Noyans in Greater Armenia (1220–1245) 43 The first Mongols in the lands of the Armenians The advance of Chormaghan on Greater Armenia (1222–1242) The Mongol noyans in the land of the Armenians The final Mongol conquest of Armenia by Baiju and its impact on the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1242–1245) Factors that impacted the Mongol conquest of Armenia Chapter Three Strategic Submissions by the Armenians Individual submissions and contacts of Greater Armenian princes with the Mongol Khans and Il-Khans State submission and its development: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Conflicts of local interests in Greater Armenia in the 1240s–1270s Other factors influencing Mongol-Armenian relations Chapter Four Mongol Administration in Greater Armenia (1243–1275) Darughachis in Greater Armenia Mongol census-taking in Greater Armenia Tributes and Taxes Chapter Five Mongol-Armenian Military Cooperation: Stage I: The Conquest of the Middle East (1258–1260) Hűlegű (r. 1256–1265) and the Greater Armenian forces against the Muslim supremacies The Mongol penetration into Upper Mesopotamia The implementation of a Cilician Armenian dream Chapter Six The Il-Khans’ Wars and Mongol-Cilician Armenian Collaboration: Stage II (1260–1265) Joint ventures of Hűlegű and Het‘um I in Syria The participation of the Armenians in the Il-Khanid war against the Golden Horde Chapter Seven Mongol-Armenian Cooperation: Stage III (1265–1295) The strongest pairing of Abaqa and Het‘um I against Baybars Greater Armenia and the struggle with the Golden Horde Lewon III and Abaqa against Baybars The Mongols’ appeal to Latin Christendom Mongol-Armenian relations in the time of Tegűder Ahmad (r. 1282–1284) The second pairing of Arghun and King Lewon III against Sultan Qalāwūn The weakest link: Het‘um II and the Mongol Il-Khans: Geikhatu (r. 1291–1295) and Baidu (1295) Chapter Eight The End of Mongol-Armenian Relations (1295–1335) The last chance to save the alliance: Het‘um II and the Il-Khan Ghazan (r. 1295–1304) The vanquished Armenian hope: Őljeitű (r. 1304–1316) and his Armenian counterparts The aftermath of cooperation: Lewon V (r. 1320–1341/1342) and Abū Sa'īd (r. 1316–1335) Conclusion Dynastic Tables Glossary Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Literature Index