Metamaterials: Technology and Applications

Description

Metamaterials have been in research limelight for the last few years owing to the exotic electromagnetic features these exhibit. With certain combinational forms of the design, these can be of prudent applications in developing antennas, filters, absorbers, sensors, energy harvesters, and many others. As such, the role of engineered mediums remains greatly important as the frequency region of operation determines the structure (of the medium(s)) to be developed – the fact that is exploited in the on-demand kind of tailoring the electromagnetic response of metamaterials. The relevant R&D investigators show keen interest in the fabrication of varieties of novel miniaturized devices that can be of great potentials in many micro- as well as nanotechnology-oriented applications. With this view point in mind, the Book provides the glimpse of phenomenal growth of research in this direction through covering the topics pivoted to fundamental descriptions, and theoretical and experimental results reported by pioneering scientists. It is expected that the book will be of benefit to novice researchers (such as graduate students) and expert scientists in universities and research laboratories. Some of the contents in the book are centered on industrial applications of metamaterials, thereby making the volume useful to the R&D scientists in certain industries. In summary, the book Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface About the Editor 1. Progress in Metamaterial and Metasurface Technology and Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Metamaterial Technology - From Inception to Recent Times 1.2.1 Microwave to Infrared Metamaterial 1.2.2 Optical Metamaterial 1.2.3 3D Metamaterial 1.2.4 All-dielectric Metamaterial 1.3 Application Scenario of Metamaterials 1.4 Metasurfaces and Application Potentials 1.4.1 Applications of Metasurfaces 1.4.1.1 Absorbers 1.4.1.2 Transformation Optics Applications 1.4.1.3 Metasurface in Antenna Design 1.4.1.4 Lasing Spaser 1.4.1.5 Some More Applications of Metasurface 1.5 Conclusion References 2. Review of Effective Medium Theory and Parametric Retrieval Techniques of Metamaterials 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Effective Medium Theory 2.3 Electromagnetic Analysis of Parameter Retrieval Techniques 2.3.1 S-parameter Retrieval Techniques Improved NRW Methods for MTMs 2.3.2 Miscellaneous Parameter Retrieval Techniques Curve-fitting Approach Transfer Matrix Approach Other Approaches 2.3.3 Parameter Retrieval of Some Special Type MTMs Inhomogeneous MTMs Uniaxial Anisotropic MTMs Bi-anisotropic MTMs with Oblique Incidence Chiral MTMs 2.3.4 Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Retrieval Techniques Comparison between Parameter Retrieval Techniques Experimental Setup for Parameter Retrieval of MTMs 2.4 Summary and Conclusion References 3. Engineered Metamaterials through the Material-by-Design Approach 3.1 Introduction and Rationale 3.2 The MbD Paradigm: Concept and Features 3.2.1 The MbD Synthesis Loop 3.2.2 The MbD Functional Blocks - Objectives and Examples 3.3 MbD at Work in Metamaterial-based Sensing and Communication Applications 3.3.1 Customization of MbD in Applicative Scenarios 3.3.2 MbD-designed Metamaterials for Wide-angle Impedance Matching Layers 3.3.3 Phased Array Enhancement through Metamaterial Lenses and MbD 3.3.4 Wave Manipulation MTM Devices Based on MbD 3.4 Final Remarks, Current Trends and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References 4. Tunable Metamaterials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Magnetically Tunable Dielectric Metamaterials 4.2.1 Ferrite/Wire Composite Structure 4.2.2 Structure of Ferrite Metamaterial Filter 4.2.3 Ferrite/Dielectric Composite Structure 4.3 Electrically Tunable Dielectric Metamaterials 4.3.1 Graphene 4.3.2 Varactor Diode 4.3.3 Liquid Crystal 4.4 Thermally Tunable Dielectric Metamaterials 4.4.1 Vanadium Dioxide 4.4.2 Indium Antimonide 4.4.3 Strontium Titanate 4.5 Flexible Metamaterials 4.5.1 Polyimide 4.5.2 Ecoflex 4.5.3 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 4.5.4 Paper 4.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5. Metamaterials-based Near-perfect Absorbers in the Visible and Infrared Range 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Principles of Near-perfect Absorption Using MTMs 5.2.1 Theoretical Backgrounds 5.2.2 Bandwidth 5.3 Performance of Various MTMs for Near-perfect Absorption 5.3.1 Metallic Periodic Arrays 5.3.2 Stacked Structure 5.3.3 Resonators 5.3.4 Nanocomposites 5.3.5 Dielectrics 5.4 Applications of Near-perfect Absorption in the Visible and Infrared Range 5.4.1 Sensing 5.4.2 Solar Cells 5.4.3 Light-emitting Diodes 5.4.4 Other Applications 5.5 Concluding Remarks References 6. Advances in Metamaterials in Conventional Low-frequency Perfect Absorbers: A Brief Review 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Scaling Down of the Size of LFMAs by Optimizing Structures 6.3 Fabrication of LFMAs, Allowing More Functionalities 6.4 Miniaturization of LFMAs Based on Integrated Parasitic Elements 6.5 EM Behavior in Conventional LFMAs 6.6 Conclusions and Perspective Acknowledgments References 7. Photonic Metamaterials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metamaterial Heterostructures 7.2.1 Dispersion Properties 7.3 Non-local Response of Metamaterials 7.3.1 Nanowires 7.3.1.1 Local EMT 7.3.1.2 Non-local EMT 7.3.2 Nanostructures 7.3.2.1 Dispersion and Effective Material Parameters 7.3.2.2 Surface Plasmon Polariton Supported by the Nanostructured Metamaterial 7.4 Tunable THz Structure Based on Graphene HMMs 7.5 Conclusions References 8. Active Hyperbolic Metamaterials and Their Applications: From Visible to Terahertz Frequencies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Physics of Multilayered Hyperbolic Metamaterials 8.3 Active Hyperbolic Metamaterials 8.3.1 Visible to Near-infrared Spectral Band 8.3.1.1 Chalcogenide Phase Change Material-based Active HMMs 8.3.2 Mid-infrared to THz Spectral Band 8.3.2.1 Graphene-based Active HMMs 8.3.2.2 Topological Insulator-based Active HMMs 8.3.2.3 Superconductor-based Active HMMs 8.3.3 Applications of Active HMMs 8.3.3.1 Reconfigurable Sensing 8.3.3.2 Supercollimation of Light 8.3.3.3 THz Modulator 8.4 Summary and Outlook References 9. Graphene-Supported Nanoengineered Metamaterials - A Mini Review 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fundamental Properties of Graphene 9.3 Wideband THZ Filtering 9.4 Optical Filter 9.5 Plasmon-induced Transparency in Graphene-based Metamaterials 9.6 Graphene-based Absorber 9.6.1 Coned-graphene Metasurface Design 9.6.2 Graphene Embedded Phase Change Mediums as Absorber 9.7 Use of Graphene in Sensing 9.8 Slow-light Structures and Mode Filtering 9.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10. Asymmetric Split-H Based Metasurfaces for Identification of Organic Molecules 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Asymmetric Split-H Structure 10.3 Numerical Modeling and Nanofabrication 10.3.1 Numerical Modeling 10.3.2 Nanofabrication on Fused Silica and Zinc Selenide Substrates 10.4 Results and Discussion 10.4.1 Impact of Horizontal and Vertical Spacing of the Periodic Arrangement and Varying Gap of ASH Arrays 10.4.2 Effect of Different Substrates 10.4.3 Variation of the ASH Arm-length on ZnSe Substrate 10.5 Sensing Techniques 10.6 Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgment References 11. Acoustic Spoof Surface Waves Control in Corrugated Surfaces and Their Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Theoretical Background 11.3 Applications 11.3.1 Slowing Down Acoustic Surface Waves on a Grooved Surface 11.3.2 Extraordinary Transmission Assisted by Acoustic Surface Waves 11.3.3 Acoustic Surface Wave Controlled by Temperature 11.3.4 Slowing Down Acoustic Surface Waves by Applying Temperature Gradient along the Wave Propagation/Spatial Spectral Separation 11.3.5 Temperature-controlled Tunable Gradient Refractive Index (GRIN) Acoustic Medium 11.3.6 Gas Sensing with ASSW/acoustic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 11.3.7 Spoof-fluid-spoof Acoustic Waveguide and Its Applications for Sound Manipulation 11.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12. The Principle of Miniaturization of Microwave Patch Antennas 12.1 Introduction 12.2 2D Model of a Rectangular Patch Antenna with One-layer Wire Composite/metamaterial Substrate 12.2.1 Standard Design 12.2.2 Miniaturized Design 12.2.3 Miniaturization Concept for Antenna with One-layer Wire Composite/metamaterial Substrate 12.3 Far-Field Focusing for Rectangular Patch Antennas with Composite/metamaterial Substrates 12.3.1 Fabry-Perot Approach for a Patch Antenna with Superstrate 12.3.2 Main Relations for Evaluating the Performance of Patch Antenna with Metamaterial Substrate and Ferrite Superstrate 12.4 2D Model of Rectangular Patch Antenna with Two-Layer Wire Composite/Metamaterial Substrate 12.4.1 The Main Analytical Relations 12.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 13. Review of Metamaterial-Assisted Vacuum Electron Devices 13.1 Introduction 13.2 MTM Effective Medium 13.3 MTM-Assisted Interaction Structures of Microwave VEDs Analysed Only by Theory and/or Simulation 13.3.1 MTM-Assisted Interaction Structures for Microwave Amplifiers 13.3.1.1 Traveling-wave amplifiers MTM loaded helix SWS MTM loaded folded-waveguide SWS 13.3.1.2 Resistive-wall amplifiers 13.3.1.3 Klystron amplifiers Multi-beam klystron Extended interaction klystron 13.3.2 MTM-Assisted Interaction Structures for Microwave Oscillators 13.3.2.1 Backward-wave oscillators MTM loaded helix SWS CSRR and Below Cut-off Waveguide Based Combined SWS 13.3.2.2 Extended Interaction Oscillators 13.3.3 Cherenkov Radiation Sources 13.4 MTM-Assisted VEDs as Microwave Sources- Fabrication and Experimental Characterization 13.4.1 Backward-wave oscillators 13.4.2 Cherenkov radiation sources 13.5 MTM-Assisted Cross-Field VEDs 13.5.1 Magnetron 13.5.2 Gyrotron 13.6 Challenging Aspects and Future Scope of MTM-Assisted VEDs 13.7 Summary and Conclusion References Index