Hertfordshire a landscape history

Description

Front Cover Copyright Contents List of figures and tables Abbreviations Units of measurement and money Acknowledgements County map of Hertfordshire parishes 1 - A county in context 2 - Hertfordshire’s ‘champion’ landscapes 3 - The landscape of east Hertfordshire 4 - The landscape of west Hertfordshire 5 - The landscape of south Hertfordshire 6 - Woods, parks and pastures 7 - Traditional buildings 8 - Great houses and designed landscapes 9 - Urban and industrial landscapes 10 - Suburbs and New Towns, 1870–1970 Conclusion Bibliography Index Figures 1.1 - View of Berkhamsted Frith in the Chilterns 1.2 - View of Standon in east Hertfordshire 1.3 - Hertfordshire: simplified surface geology 1.4 - Hertfordshire: topography and landscape regions 1.5 - Aerial view of Therfield Heath barrow cemetery 1.6 - View of St Albans Abbey from the Roman town of Verulamium 1.7 - Hertfordshire: the pattern of medieval hundreds 1.8 - Hertfordshire: the distribution of recorded population in Domesday 1.9 - Hertfordshire in 1307, from the lay subsidy returns 1.10 - Hertfordshire land use in c.1840, based on the tithe maps 1.11 - Hertfordshire in 1543, from the lay subsidy returns 1.12 - The extent of the Ashridge and Gorhambury estates in 1853 and 1768 respectively 2.1 - Typical ‘planned countryside’ in north Hertfordshire 2.2 - Part of the open fields of Ickleford, as shown on a map of 1771 2.3 - Map of the village of Ickleford 2.4 - The village of Pirton, based on a map of 1800 2.5 - The chronology of enclosure in the ‘champion’ parishes of north Hertfordshire 2.6 - Part of the open fields of Clothall as shown on the 1883 Ordnance Survey map 2.7 - The ‘ridge and furrow’ on Norton Common 2.8 - A massive ‘strip lynchet’ on Bird Hill in Clothall 2.9 - Earthwork of a former headland in Clothall 3.1 - Bury Green, Little Hadham 3.2 - Levens Green, Great Munden, from the air 3.3 - Typical east Hertfordshire countryside between Throcking and Sandon 3.4 - The ancient territory focused on Braughing 3.5 - Probable late Saxon settlements and open fields in east Hertfordshire 3.6 - The distribution of ancient woods, commons and medieval deer parks in east Hertfordshire 3.7 - The development of the landscape around Westland Green, Little Hadham 3.8 - Woods, commons, ‘clearance’ field names and the principal medieval manorial sites in north-east Hertfordshire 3.9 - The earthworks of a small deserted hamlet at Knights Hill, Westmill 3.10 - Earthworks north of Warrens Green, Weston 3.11 - Aston End, as shown on the tithe map of 1840 4.1 - The typical landscape of the eastern Chilterns near Breachwood Green 4.2 - The distribution of minor settlements bearing Old English names in the Hertfordshire Chilterns 4.3 - Place-names relating to woodland on the Chiltern dipslope 4.4 - The parish boundaries of Watford and Abbot’s Langley around Commonwood and Chipperfield 4.5 - Surviving Chiltern heath on Berkhamsted Common 4.6 - Co-axial field systems and watershed tracks on the Chiltern dipslope 4.7 - Gaddesden Row, as shown on the first edition 6-inch Ordnance Survey of 1884 4.8 - Co-axial field patterns around Berkhamsted and Hemel Hempstead, compared with earthworks at Ashridge 4.9 - Trackways on the watersheds of the Chiltern dipslope 4.10 - Watercress beds on the river Mimram at Whitwell 5.1 - The chronology of settlements in south Hertfordshire 5.2 - Co-axial and sub-parallel lanes and boundaries, and areas of common land in the eighteenth century, in south Hertfordshire 5.3 - Parallel boundaries and lanes in Ridge and Shenley 5.4 - Co-axial lanes, field boundaries and earthworks in the west of Broxbourne and Wormley 5.5 - The distribution of commons, woods and deer parks in south Hertfordshire 5.6 - Evidence for open fields in Bushey, Watford and Aldenham 5.7 - Land use in Bushey, south Hertfordshire, in 1840 5.8 - ‘Ridge and furrow’ surviving on King George VI Recreation Ground, Bushey 5.9 Fields abandoned in the area around Wormley Wood in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 5.10 - View across the Cuffley Brook to Cuffley and Northaw in south Hertfordshire 6.1 - The distribution of medieval parks in Hertfordshire 6.2 - Old beech pollards at Frithsden Beeches 6.3 - A surviving hornbeam pollard on the former Broxbourne Common 6.4 - Outgrown hornbeam coppice in Broxbourne Woods 6.5 - Sheep grazing on Harpenden Common at the beginning of the twentieth century 6.6 - The rabbit warren on a map of the manor of Digswell, c.1599 6.7 - View of Hunsdon Mead 6.8 - Detail from the Bayfordbury estate map of 1807, showing meadows divided into strips 6.9 - A typical species-rich east Hertfordshire hedge 6.10 - The varying proportions of oak, ash and elm trees, and pollards, in different parts of the county 7.1 - Anglo-Saxon ‘long-and-short work’ at Reed church 7.2 - View of St Mary’s church, Ashwell 7.3 - Hertfordshire Puddingstone in the wall of St Andrew’s Much Hadham 7.4 - Fifteenth-century brickwork at St Dunstan’s church, Hunsdon 7.5 - St Andrew’s Much Hadham, a typical Hertfordshire village church 7.6 - The distribution of churches with ‘Hertfordshire spikes’ 7.7 - The distribution of new Anglican churches erected in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 7.8 - A picturesque range of vernacular houses at Much Hadham in east Hertfordshire 7.9 - Reconstructions of the original forms of late medieval buildings in Hertfordshire 7.10 - House in Aldbury with wide square framing typical of west Hertfordshire 7.11 - The Old Rose and Crown, Braughing 7.12 - Pargeting patterns on a house at Furneux Pelham 7.13 - (a) The distribution of houses in Hertfordshire erected before the late seventeenth century. (b) The distribution of medieval houses in Hertfordshire 8.1 - The former Bishop’s Palace, Hatfield 8.2 - The earthworks of impressive terraced gardens at Benington Park 8.3 - Nineteenth-century illustration of the ruins of Sir Nicholas Bacon’s Gorhambury House 8.4 - View of Hatfield House 8.5 - Engraving of Cashiobury by Kip and Knyff, 1707 8.6 - Detail of a map of Hertingfordbury Park, 1732 8.7 - The ‘Folly arch’ at Gobions 8.8 - The bridge designed by James Paine for Brocket Park 8.9 - The ‘Golden Valley’ Ashridge, designed by Capability Brown 8.10 - Ashridge House, designed by James Wyatt and Sir Jeffry Wyatville in the early nineteenth century 8.11 - Drawing of ‘More Park on the river Colne’ by J.M.W. Turner, 1824 8.12a - The distribution of parks and large pleasure grounds in Hertfordshire, as shown on Dury and Andrews’ map of 1766 8.12b - The distribution of landscape parks as shown on Bryant’s county map of 1821–2 8.12c - The distribution of parks in Hertfordshire, c.1880, as shown on the first edition 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps 9.1 - The market places at St Albans, Hitchin and Stevenage 9.2 - The parish boundaries in the medieval town of Buntingford 9.3 - Watford, as shown on the tithe map of 1842 9.4 - Bushey, as shown on the parish plan of 1800 9.5 - View of Fore Street, Hatfield 9.6 - Principal canals and turnpikes in Hertfordshire 9.7 - Hertfordshire’s rail network 9.8 - Digswell viaduct, near Welwyn Garden City 9.9 - The distribution of windmills and watermills in late nineteenth-century Hertfordshire 9.10 - Early nineteenth-century sketch of Apsley Mill by Harriet Dickinson 10.1 - Typical early twentieth-century terraced development in south Hertfordshire 10.2 - View of Aldenham Road, Bushey c.1910 10.3 - View of cottage-style houses in Letchworth Garden City 10.4 - View of typical inter-war ‘semis’ in south Hertfordshire 10.5 - T.H. Mawson’s design for the upmarket housing estate at Moor Park, c.1921 10.6 - Aerial view of the centre of Welwyn Garden City 10.7 - Plan of the Bushey Hall estate from the sale catalogue of 1878 10.8 - The chronology of suburban housing development on the ‘Bushey Grove Estate’ 10.9 Hertfordshire: the expansion of the built-up area in the second half of the twentieth century Table Table 1 - Comparison of church plans in 78 parishes in the lay subsidy returns for Hertfordshire in 1307 and 1545