Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry

Description

Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry presents the conceptual and quantitative principles of geochemistry in order to foster an understanding of natural processes at and near the Earth's surface, as well as anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment. It provides the reader with the essentials of concentration, speciation and reactivity of elements in soils, waters, sediments and air, drawing attention to both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. Specific features include: An introductory chapter that reviews basic chemical principles applied to environmental and low-temperature geochemistry Explanation and analysis of the importance of minerals in the environment Principles of aqueous geochemistry Organic compounds in the environment The role of microbes in processes such as biomineralization, elemental speciation and reduction-oxidation reactions Thorough coverage of the fundamentals of important geochemical cycles (C, N, P, S) Atmospheric chemistry Soil geochemistry The roles of stable isotopes in environmental analysis Radioactive and radiogenic isotopes as environmental tracers and environmental contaminants Principles and examples of instrumental analysis in environmental geochemistry The text concludes with a case study of surface water and groundwater contamination that includes interactions and reactions of naturally derived inorganic substances and introduced organic compounds (fuels and solvents), and illustrates the importance of interdisciplinary analysis in environmental geochemistry. Readership: Advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying environmental/low T geochemistry as part of an earth science, environmental science or related program. Cover Preface Acknowledgements 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements, Ions, Bonding, Reactions 1.1 An Overview Of Environmental Geochemistry – History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements – Origins and Abundances 1.3 Atoms, Isotopes, and Valence Electrons 1.4 Measuring Concentrations 1.5 Periodic Table 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions 1.7 Acid–Base Equilibria, PH, K Values 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry 1.9 Chemical Reactions 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy and Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates References 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells 2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling's Rules, and Ionic Substitution 2.3 Silicates 2.4 Clay Minerals (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 Minerals, Interstratified Clays) 2.5 Crystal Chemistry of Adsorption and Cation Exchange 2.6 Low‐Temperature Non‐Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts 2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution 2.8 Biomineralization References 3 Organic Compounds in the Environment 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature 3.2 Natural Organic Compounds at the Earth Surface 3.3 Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants, Controls on Bioavailability, Behavior of DNAPLS and LNAPLS, Biodegradation, Remediation 3.4 Summary References 4 Aqueous Systems and Water Chemistry 4.1 Introduction to the Geochemistry of Natural Waters 4.2 The Structure of Water – Implications of Geometry and Polarity 4.3 Dissolved versus Particulate, Solutions, and Suspensions 4.4 Speciation: Simple Ions, Polyatomic Ions, and Aqueous Complexes 4.5 Controls on the Solubility of Inorganic Elements and Ions 4.6 Ion Activities, Ionic Strength, TDS 4.7 Solubility Products, Saturation 4.8 Coprecipitation 4.9 Behavior of Selected Elements in Aqueous Systems 4.10 Eh–pH Diagrams 4.11 Silicon in Solution 4.12 Effect of Adsorption and Ion Exchange on Water Chemistry 4.13 Other Graphical Representations of Aqueous Systems: Piper and Stiff Diagrams 4.14 Summary References 5 Carbonate Geochemistry and the Carbon Cycle 5.1 Inorganic Carbon in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 5.2 The Carbon Cycle References 6 Biogeochemical Systems and Cycles (N, P, S) 6.1 Systems and Elemental Cycles 6.2 Elemental Cycles References 7 The Global Atmosphere: Composition, Evolution, and Anthropogenic Change 7.1 Atmospheric Structure, Circulation, and Composition 7.2 Evaporation, Distillation, CO2 Dissolution, and the Composition of Natural Precipitation 7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate 7.4 Greenhouse Gases: Structures, Sources, Sinks, and Effects on Climate References 8 Air Quality: Urban and Regional Pollutants 8.1 Air Pollution: Definitions and Scope 8.2 Oxygen and its Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry 8.3 Free Radicals 8.4 Sulfur Dioxide 8.5 Nitrogen Oxides 8.6 Carbon Monoxide 8.7 Particulate Matter 8.8 Lead (Pb) 8.9 Hydrocarbons and Air Quality: Tropospheric Ozone and Photochemical Smog 8.10 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry 8.11 Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Deposition 8.12 Organochlorine Pesticides, Mercury, and Other Trace Constituents in the Atmosphere References 9 Chemical Weathering, Soils, and Hydrology 9.1 Chemical Weathering of Primary Minerals in Soils 9.2 Products and Consequences of Chemical Weathering 9.3 Soil Profiles, Nomenclature, Soil‐Forming Factors 9.4 Soils and the Geochemistry of Paleoclimate Analysis 9.5 Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils and Aquatic Ecosystems 9.6 Soils and Plant Nutrients 9.7 Saline and Sodic Soils 9.8 Toxic Metals and Metalloids 9.9 Organic Soil Pollutants and Remediation (Fuels, Insecticides, Solvents) References 10 Stable Isotope Geochemistry 10.1 Stable Isotopes – Mass Differences and the Concept of Fractionation 10.2 Delta (δ) Notation 10.3 Fractionation: Vibrational Frequencies, Mass, and Temperature Dependence 10.4 δ18O and δD 10.5 δ15N 10.6 δ13C 10.7 δ34S 10.8 Nontraditional Stable Isotopes 10.9 Summary References 11 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry 11.1 Radioactive Decay 11.2 Radionuclide Tracers in Environmental Geochemistry 11.3 Radionuclides as Environmental Contaminants 11.4 Geochronology 11.5 Radioactive Decay Methods of Dating Sediments and Minerals References Appendix I: Case Study on the Relationships Among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in GroundwaterCase Study on the Relationships Among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in Groundwater I.1 Site Information, Contaminant Delineation I.2 Remediation Efforts I.3 Sources of PCE and ARSENIC I.4 Mobilization of Arsenic References Appendix II: Case Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of HeterogeneityCase Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of Heterogeneity II.1 Geologic Framework II.2 Inorganic Chemistry of Groundwater II.3 Stable Isotope Compositions of Groundwater II.4 Groundwater Age‐Dating II.5 Conceptual Model for the Groundwater System References Appendix III: Instrumental AnalysisInstrumental Analysis III.1 Analysis of Minerals and Crystal Chemistry III.2 Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Sediments: XRF III.3 Elements or Compounds in Solution III.4 Isotopic Analysis: Mass Spectrometry References Appendix IV: Table of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 atm and 25 °CTable of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 atm and 25 °C References Index End User License Agreement