Chitosan Nanocomposites: Bionanomechanical Applications

Description

The book presents chitosan and chitosan-based nanocomposites and their extensive applications in medical science. Utilization of chitosan nanostructured composites in different biomedical applications is highlighted. The book is suitable to be used as reference/textbook for studying the biological aspects of chitosan hybrid materials and their efficacy in different therapeutic applications. The important features of the book are summarized as follows: Chitosan as an overview Key biological aspects of chitosan-based nanocomposites Synthetic techniques for fabrication of chitosan nanocomposites for biomedical applications Designing of chitosan-based smart materials for release of therapeutics Fabrication of nanostructured chitosan-based devices for diagnosis and sensing applications Chitosan nanocomposites for regenerative applications Medicinal and therapeutic efficacy of chitosan-based hybrid materials. ​ Preface Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors Abbreviations 1 Chitosan: A Smart Biomaterial 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Chitin/Chitosan: A Smart Biomaterial 1.2.1 History of Chitin and Chitosan 1.2.2 Sources and Biosynthesis of Chitin 1.2.3 Isolation of Chitin 1.2.4 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan 1.2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 1.3 Processibility of Chitosan 1.3.1 Chitosan Flakes and Powders 1.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogel Beads 1.3.3 Chitosan Fibres and Resins 1.3.4 Chitosan Membranes 1.3.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles 1.3.6 Chitosan-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 1.4 Different Applications of Chitosan 1.4.1 Agriculture and Industrial Applications 1.4.2 Wastewater Treatment 1.4.3 Pharmaceutical Industry 1.4.4 Biomedical Application 1.4.5 Environmental Remediation 1.5 Remark References 2 Biological and Chemical Aspects of Chitosan 2.1 Background 2.2 The Skeletal Structure of Chitosan 2.3 Chitin Isolation and Chitosan Synthesis 2.4 Valuables of Chitosan 2.4.1 Physical–Chemical Valuables 2.4.2 Technical Valuables 2.4.3 Biomedical Valuables 2.5 Chitosan Modifications: Chitosan Derivatives of Chitosan 2.5.1 Hydrolysis of the Main Chain 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations References 3 A Medico-Biological Approach to Chitosan Bionanocomposites 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Unique Biological Properties of Chitosan Employed for Different Biomedical Applications 3.2.1 Non-toxicity 3.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 3.2.3 Hemocompatibility 3.2.4 Antineoplastic Activity 3.2.5 Mucoadhesivity 3.2.6 Antioxidant Activity 3.2.7 Immunoenhancing Effects 3.2.8 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility 3.3 Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Bionanocomposites 3.3.1 Emulsion Crosslinking 3.3.2 Microemulsion Method 3.3.3 Ionic Gelation 3.3.4 Spray Drying 3.3.5 Precipitation/Flocculation 3.3.6 Solvent Evaporation 3.3.7 Chitosan Solution Coating 3.3.8 Self-Assembly 3.4 Biomedical Applications 3.4.1 Drug Delivery 3.4.2 Anti-Neoplastic Drug Delivery 3.4.3 Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery 3.4.4 Gene Delivery 3.4.5 Antibiotic Delivery 3.4.6 Polyphenol Delivery 3.4.7 Brain Drug Delivery 3.4.8 Vaccine Delivery 3.4.9 Antimicrobial Activities 3.4.10 Wound Dressings 3.4.11 Tissue/Bone Regeneration 3.5 Transpiring Trends and Conclusion References 4 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Materials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chemical Structure, Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan 4.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 4.2.2 Antibacterial Properties 4.3 Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Preparation 4.3.1 Techniques and Methods of Chitosan Nanocomposites Preparation 4.3.2 Nanofillers of the Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composites 4.4 Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Characterization 4.4.1 Microscopy-Based Analysis 4.4.2 Biocompatibility Analysis 4.4.3 Mechanical Characterization 4.4.4 Chemical Structure 4.4.5 Antibacterial Properties 4.5 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite 4.5.1 Drug and Bio-Macromolecules Delivery 4.5.2 Wound Healing 4.5.3 Bone Tissue Engineering 4.5.4 Biosensor 4.5.5 Other Biomedical Applications 4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives References 5 Functionalized Chitosan and Biomedical Devices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chitosan and Its Derivatives 5.2.1 Chitosan Derivatives 5.3 Biomedical Tools Based on Chitosan 5.3.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Chitosan 5.3.2 Stochastic Sensors Based on Chitosan 5.4 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan 5.4.1 The Potential Uses of Chitosan in Bone Tissue Engineering 5.4.2 Chitosan's Potential Uses in Vascular Tissue Engineering 5.5 Concluding Remark and Future Perspectives References 6 Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Potential Biomedical Device 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods of ChNPs Fabrication 6.2.1 Reversed Micelles 6.2.2 Emulsification and Crosslinking 6.2.3 SCASA 6.2.4 Spray Drying 6.2.5 Phase Inversion Precipitation 6.2.6 Ionic Gelation with Radical Polymerization 6.2.7 Ionic Gelation 6.2.8 Emulsion—Droplet Coalescence 6.3 Application of ChNPs in Fluorescent Endoscopic Diagnostics 6.4 Use of ChNPs in Medical Dressings 6.5 ChNPs as Components of Sensors Used in Biomedical Engineering 6.5.1 Application of ChNPs in a Glucose Detection Sensor 6.5.2 ChNPs as an Element Used in the Histamine Biosensor 6.6 ChNPs in Bone Tissue Engineering 6.7 ChNPs in Dentistry 6.8 Safety Assessment of ChNPs in Medical Applications 6.9 Conclusions References 7 Antibacterial Response of Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials 7.3 Preparation of Hybrid Chitosan Material 7.3.1 Silver-Chitosan Hybrid 7.3.2 Lipid-Chitosan Hybrid 7.3.3 Poly (Lactic Acid)-Chitosan Hybrid 7.3.4 Gold-Chitosan Hybrid 7.3.5 Silica-Chitosan Hybrid 7.4 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity 7.4.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria 7.4.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria 7.4.3 Antifungal Activity 7.5 Factors Affecting the Action 7.5.1 Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells 7.5.2 pH 7.5.3 Temperature 7.5.4 Molecular Weight 7.6 Applications 7.6.1 Agriculture 7.6.2 Biomedical Fields 7.6.3 Textiles 7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 8 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Efficient Wound Dressing Materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Types of the CS-Based Nanocomposites 8.2.1 Hydrogel 8.2.2 Cryogel 8.2.3 Membranes and Nanofiber Membranes 8.2.4 Foam 8.2.5 Sponge 8.2.6 Gauze 8.3 Properties of the Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Efficient Wound Dressings 8.3.1 Basic Properties 8.3.2 Advanced Functions 8.4 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Wound Dressings 8.4.1 Treatment of Acute Wound 8.4.2 Treatment of Chronic Wound 8.4.3 Scarless Wound Healing 8.4.4 Wound Monitoring 8.4.5 Personalized Wound Dressings 8.5 Summary References 9 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials 9.2.1 Chemical Modification 9.2.2 Coating 9.2.3 Blending 9.2.4 Electrospinning 9.2.5 3D Printing 9.3 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds 9.3.1 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Wound Healing 9.3.2 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Bioactive Materials for Wound Healing 9.3.3 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Metal Nanoparticles for Wound Healing 9.3.4 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Growth Factors for Wound Healing 9.3.5 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Cells for Enhanced Wound Healing 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Chitosan Structure 10.3 Chitosan Nanostructure Properties 10.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity 10.3.2 Antioxidant Activity 10.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity 10.3.4 Anticancer Activity 10.4 Chitosan Nanostructure 10.4.1 Nanofilm 10.4.2 Nanoparticle 10.4.3 Nanofiber 10.4.4 Nanogel 10.5 Tissue Engineering Application 10.5.1 Skin Tissue Engineering 10.5.2 Bone Tissue Engineering 10.5.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 10.5.4 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering 10.5.5 Neural Tissue Engineering 10.5.6 Corneal Tissue Engineering 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Chitosan Nanocomposites for Biosensing Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biosensors 11.2.1 Classification of Biosensors: Classification of Biosensors by Biocomponent 11.2.2 Enzyme Biosensors 11.2.3 Microbial Biosensor 11.2.4 Nucleic Acid Biosensors 11.2.5 Immunosensors 11.2.6 Electrochemical Biosensors 11.2.7 Amperometric Biosensors 11.2.8 Potentiometric Biosensors 11.2.9 Conductometric Biosensors 11.2.10 Optical Biosensors 11.2.11 Piezoelectric Biosensors 11.2.12 Calorimetric Biosensors 11.2.13 Chitosan Nanocomposite Biosensors 11.3 Nanocomposites 11.3.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposite 11.3.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites 11.3.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 11.4 Chitosan & its Structure 11.5 Chitosan Nanocomposite Biosensor Applications 11.6 Chitosan Nanocomposites Used for Sensing Different Biomolecules 11.7 Liquid Crystal-Chitosan Biosensors 11.8 Conclusion References 12 Chitosan Based Hybrid Polymeric Systems in Diabetes Monitoring 12.1 Diabetes 12.1.1 Type-One Diabetes Mellitus 12.1.2 Type-Two Diabetes Mellitus 12.1.3 Type-Three Diabetes 12.1.4 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 12.2 Treatments for Diabetes 12.2.1 Allopathic Drugs 12.2.2 Plant Extracts 12.2.3 Nanoparticles 12.3 Chitosan 12.3.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles 12.3.2 Chitosan Polymers References 13 Application of Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials in Cancer Therapy 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials 13.3 Application of Chitosan in Biomedicine 13.4 Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials in Cancer Therapy 13.4.1 Drug Formulation 13.4.2 Drug Delivery System 13.4.3 Tissue Engineering 13.4.4 Photothermal Therapy 13.4.5 Theranostics 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Chitosan-Based Nano Biomaterials and Their Applications in Dentistry 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Characterization 14.3 Application of Different Types of CS-Based Nano Biomaterials for Dentistry 14.3.1 Chitosan/Polymer Nano Biomaterials 14.3.2 Chitosan/Metal Nano Biomaterials 14.3.3 Chitosan/Metal Oxides Nano Biomaterials 14.3.4 Chitosan/Organic Molecules Nano Biomaterials 14.3.5 Chitosan/Inorganic Adducts Nano Biomaterials 14.3.6 Chitosan/Ceramics/Glass Nano Biomaterials 14.3.7 Chitosan Mixed Nano Biomaterials 14.4 Current and Future Prospects of Chitosan-Based Nano Biomaterials in Dentistry 14.5 Concluding Remark References 15 Investigation of Chitosan/Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites as a New Strategy for Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Efficacy with Reduced Toxicity 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Chitosan 15.3 Importance of Chitosan 15.4 Mechanism of Chitosan in Drug Delivery Approach 15.5 Target Site Drug Delivery 15.6 Biofilm 15.7 Mechanism of Biofilm 15.8 Effect of Chitosan on Biofilm Formation 15.9 Mechanism of Chitosan on Bacterial Biofilm 15.9.1 Chitosan/Metal/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites on Biofilm Formation 15.9.2 Chitosan Diminishes the Toxicity Level in Nanoparticles 15.9.3 Toxicity Potential of Nanodrug Carriers 15.9.4 Conclusion References 16 Chitosan Nanocomposites as Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration 16.1 Introduction 16.2 BTE Scaffolds 16.3 Bone Repair Strategies 16.3.1 Traditional Bone Tissue Engineering 16.3.2 Facilitated Endogenous Bone Tissue Engineering (FEBTE) 16.4 Structure and Properties of Chitosan 16.4.1 Physicochemical Properties 16.4.2 Biological Properties 16.5 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Scaffolds 16.5.1 3D-Printing/Rapid Prototyping 16.5.2 Electrospinning 16.5.3 Particulate Leaching 16.5.4 Phase Separation and Lyophilization/Freeze-Drying 16.6 Mechanism of Drug Release from Chitosan-Based Scaffolds 16.7 Chitosan Based Scaffolds as Drug Delivery Systems 16.8 Cytotoxicity Assessments on Chitosan Based Scaffolds 16.9 Conclusion References 17 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Chitosan Nanocomposites for Bionanomechanical Applications 17.1 Challenges in Chitosan Nanocomposite 17.2 Future Perspectives 17.2.1 Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Smart Materials 17.2.2 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Biological Materials 17.2.3 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Antibacterial Materials 17.2.4 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Drug Delivery Vehicles 17.2.5 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Wound Dressing Materials 17.2.6 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 17.2.7 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Materials for Biosensing 17.2.8 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Smart Cancer Therapeutic Materials 17.2.9 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Materials for Dentistry 17.2.10 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Nanomedicine 17.3 Outlook and Remark Index