Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World

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Cover Page Editorial Board Title Page - Volume 1 Title Page - Volume 2 ISBN 0028656032 Contents Editorial and Production Staff Introduction List of Entries List of Contributors Synoptic Outline of Entries List of Maps A ABBAS I, SHAH (1571–1629) ABD AL-BAHA (1844–1921) ABD AL-HAMID IBN BADIS (1889–1940) ABD AL-HAMID KISHK (SHAYKH) (1933–1996) ABD AL-JABBAR (935–1025) ABD AL-KARIM SORUSH (1945– ) ABD AL-NASSER, JAMAL (1918–1970) ABD AL-QADIR, AMIR (1807–1883) ABD AL-RAHMAN KAWAKIBI (1849?–1902) ABD AL-RAZZAQ AL-SANHURI (1895–1971) ABD AL-WAHHAB, MUHAMMAD IBN (1703–1792) ABDUH, MUHAMMAD (1849–1905) ABU BAKR (573–634) ABU BAKR GUMI (1922–1992) ABU HANIFA (699–767) ABU ’L-HASAN BANI-SADR (1933– ) ABU ’L-HUDHAYL AL-ALLAF (750–C. 850) ABU ’L-QASEM KASHANI (1882–1962) ADA ADAB ADHAN AFGHANI, JAMAL AL-DIN (1839–1897) AFRICA, ISLAM IN AFRICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM AGA KHAN AHL AL-BAYT AHL-E HADIS/AHL-AL HADITH AHL AL-HADITH AHL AL-KITAB AHMAD IBN IBRAHIM AL-GHAZI (1506–1543) AHMAD IBN IDRIS (1750–1837) AHMAD GRAN AHMADIYYA AHMAD KHAN, (SIR) SAYYID (1817–1898) AHMAD, MIRZA GHULAM (LATE 1830s–1908) AISHA (614–678 C.E.) AKBAR (1542–1605) AKHBARIYYA AKHLAQ AKHUND ALI (600–661) ALIGARH ALLAH ALMORAVIDS AMERICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM AMERICAS, ISLAM IN THE ANDALUS, AL-Al- ANGELS ARABIA, PRE-ISLAM ARABIC LANGUAGE ARABIC LITERATURE ARAB LEAGUE ARCHITECTURE ART ASABIYYA ASHARITES, ASHAIRA ASKIYA MUHAMMAD (R. 1493–1529) ASNAM ASSASSINS ASTROLOGY ASTRONOMY ATABAT ATATURK, MUSTAFA KEMAL (1881–1938) AWAMI LEAGUE AYATOLLAH (AR. AYATULLAH) AZHAR, AL-Al- B BABIYYA BAB, SAYYED ALI MUHAMMAD (1819–1850) BAGHDAD BAHAALLAH (1817–1892) BAHAI FAITH BALKANS, ISLAM IN THE BAMBA, AHMAD (1853–1927) BANNA, HASAN AL- (1906–1949) BAQILLANI, AL- (?–1013) BASRI, HASAN AL- (642–728) BATH PARTY BAZARGAN, MEHDI (1907–1995) BEDOUIN BIDA BIN LADIN, USAMA (1957– ) BIOGRAPHY AND HAGIOGRAPHY BIRUNI, AL- (C. 973–1050) BODY, SIGNIFICANCE OF BOURGHIBA, HABIB (1901–2000) BUKHARA, KHANATE AND EMIRATE OF BUKHARI, AL- (810–870) BURAQ C CAIRO CALIPHATE CALLIGRAPHY CAPITALISM CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY CENTRAL ASIA, ISLAM IN CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM CHILDHOOD CHINA CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM CIRCUMCISION CLOTHING COINAGE COLONIALISM COMMUNISM CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE CONVERSION CRUSADES CUSTOM D DAR AL-HARB DAR AL-ISLAM DAWA DAWLA DEATH DEOBAND DEVOTIONAL LIFE DHIKR DIETARY LAWS DISPUTATION DISSIMULATION DIVORCE DOME OF THE ROCK DREAMS DUA E EAST ASIA, ISLAM IN EAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION EMPIRES ERBAKAN, NECMEDDIN (1926–) ETHICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES ETHIOPIA ETHNICITY EUNUCHS EUROPEAN CULTURE AND ISLAM EUROPE, ISLAM IN EXPANSION F FADLALLAH, MUHAMMAD HUSAYN (1935– ) FALSAFA FARRAKHAN, LOUIS (1933– ) FASI, MUHAMMAD ALLAL AL- (1910–1974) FATIMA (C. 605–633) FATWA FEDAIYAN-E ISLAM FEMINISM FEZ FITNA FOLKLORE, FOLK ISLAM FUNDAMENTALISM FUTUWWA G GASPRINSKII, ISMAIL BAY (1851–1914) GENDER GENEALOGY GEOGRAPHY GHANNOUSHI, RASHID AL- (1941– ) GHAYBA(T) GHAZALI, AL- (C. 1059–1111) GHAZALI, MUHAMMAD AL- (1917–2001) GHAZALI, ZAYNAB AL- (1917– ) GHAZI, AHMAD B. IBRAHIM AL-See GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT, ISLAMIC GRAMMAR AND LEXICOGRAPHY GREEK CIVILIZATION GUMI, ABU BAKR H HADITH HAJJ HAJJ SALIM SUWARI, AL- (C. 1300) HAJ UMAR AL-TAL, AL- (1797–1864) HALLAJ, AL- (858–922) HAMAS HAREM HARON, ABDULLAH (1924–1969) HASAN (624–670) HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI, ALI-AKBAR (1934–) HEALING HERESIES HERESIOGRAPHY HIJAB HIJRA HIJRI CALENDAR HIKMA, BAYT AL- HILLI, ALLAMA AL- (1250–1325) HILLI, MUHAQQIQ AL- (1205–1277) HINDUISM AND ISLAM HISBA HISTORICAL WRITING HISTORY HIZB ALLAH HOJJAT AL-ISLAM HOJJATIYYA SOCIETY HOLY CITIES HOMOSEXUALITY HOSAYNIYYA HOSPITALITY AND ISLAM HUKUMA AL-ISLAMIYYA, AL- (ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT) HUMAN RIGHTS HUMOR HUSAYN (603–661) HUSAYNI, HAJJ AMIN AL- (1895–1974) HUSAYN, SADDAM HUSAYN, TAHA (1889–1973) I IBADAT IBN AL-ARABI (1165–1240) IBN BATTUTA (1304–1368) IBN HANBAL (780–855) IBN KHALDUN (1332–1406) IBN MAJA (824–887) IBN RUSHD (1126–1198) IBN SINA (980–1037) IBN TAYMIYYA (1263–1328) IDENTITY, MUSLIM IJTIHAD IKHWAN AL-MUSLIMIN IKHWAN AL-SAFA IMAM IMAMATE IMAMZADAH INTERNET INTIFADA IQBAL, MUHAMMAD (C. 1877–1938) IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRHAB ISHRAQI SCHOOL ISLAM AND ISLAMIC ISLAM AND OTHER RELIGIONS ISLAMICATE SOCIETY ISLAMIC JIHAD ISLAMIC SALVATION FRONT ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA ISMAIL I, SHAH (1487–1524) J JAFAR AL-SADIQ (C. 701–765) JAHANNAM JAHILIYYA JAMAAT-E ISLAMI JAMI JAMIL AL-AMIN, IMAM (1943– ) JAMIYAT-E ULAMA-E HIND JAMIYAT-E ULAMA-E ISLAM JAMIYAT-E ULAMA-E PAKISTAN JANNA JERUSALEM JEVDET PASHA (1822–1895) JIHAD JINNAH, MUHAMMAD ALI (1876–1948) JUDAISM AND ISLAM K KALAM KANO KARAKI, SHAYKH ALI KARBALA KEMAL, NAMEK (1840–1888) KHALID, KHALID MUHAMMAD (1920–1996) KHAMANEI, SAYYED ALI (1939– ) KHAN KHANQA (KHANAQA, KHANGA) KHAN, REZA OF BAREILLY (1856–1921) KHARIJITES, KHAWARIJ KHIDR, AL-Al- KHILAFAT MOVEMENT KHIRQA KHIVA, KHANATE OF KHOI, ABO L-QASEM (1898–1992) KHOJAS KHOMEINI, RUHOLLAH (1902–1989) KHUTBA KHWARAZM KINDI, AL- (801–866) KNOWLEDGE KOMITEH KUNTI, MUKHTAR AL- (1729–1811) L LANGUAGE LAW LEBANON LEXICOGRAPHY (ARABIC) LIBERALISM LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF IRAN LIBRARIES LITERATURE M MADANI, ABBASI (1931– ) MADHHAB MADRASA MAGHAZI MAHDI MAHDI, SADIQ AL- (1936–) MAHDIST STATE, MAHDIYYA MAHR MAITATSINE MAJLIS MAJLISI, MUHAMMAD BAQIR (1627–1698) MAKASSAR, SHAYKH YUSUF (C. 1626–1699) MALCOLM X (1925–1965) MALIK, IBN ANAS (C. 708–795) MAMUN, AL- (786–833) MANAR, MANARA MANICHEANISM MANSA MUSA (? –1337) MAQASSARI, TAANTA SALMANKA AL- MARJA AL-TAQLID MARRIAGE MARTYRDOM MARWA, MUHAMMAD (D. 1980) MARWAN (623–685 C.E.) MASCULINITIES MASHHAD MASJID MASLAHA MATERIAL CULTURE MATURIDI, AL- (?–944) MAUDUDI, ABU L-ALA (1903–1979) MAZALIM MAZRUI, MAZRUI MECCA MEDICINE MEDINA MIHNA MIHRAB MILITARY RAID MINARET MINBAR (MIMBAR) MINORITIES MIRACLES MIRAJ MIRZA HUSAYN ALI NURI MODERNISM MODERNITY MODERNIZATION, POLITICAL MODERN THOUGHT MOJAHEDIN-E KHALQ MOJAHIDIN MOJTAHED-SHABESTARI, MOHAMMAD (1937– ) MOLLA MOLLABASHI MONARCHY MORAVIDS MOSADDEQ, MOHAMMAD (1882–1967) MOSQUE MOTAHHARI, MORTAZA (1920–1979) MSA MUAWIYA (?–680) MUFTI MUHAMMAD (570–632 C.E.) MUHAMMAD AHMAD IBN ABDULLAH (1844–1885) MUHAMMAD ALI, DYNASTY OF MUHAMMAD AL-NAFS AL-ZAKIYYA (D. 762 C.E.) MUHAMMAD, ELIJAH (1897–1975) MUHAMMADIYYA (MUHAMMADIYAH) MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH PAHLEVI (1919–1980) MUHAMMAD, WARITH DEEN (1933– ) MUHARRAM MUHASIBI, AL- (781–857) MUHTASIB MUJAHIDIN MUJAHIDUN MULLA SADRA (C. 1572–1640) MURJIITES, MURJIA MUSIC MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD MUSLIM IBN AL-HAJJAJ (C. 817–875) MUSLIM STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA MUTAZILITES, MUTAZILA MUTHANNA, MUHAMMAD IBN ABDALLAH, AL- N NADER SHAH AFSHAR (1688–1747) NAHDLATUL ULAMA (NU) NAINI, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN (1860–1936) NAJAF NAMES, ISLAMIC NAR NASAI, AL- (830–915) NASSER, JAMAL NATIONALISM NATION OF ISLAM NAWRUZ NAZZAM, AL- (782–C. 840) NETWORKS, MUSLIM NIKAH NIMATOLLAHI SUFI ORDER NIYABAT-E AMMA NIZAM AL-MULK (C.1018–1092) NIZARI NURCU NUR MOVEMENT NURI, FAZLALLAH (1843–1909) NURSI, SAID (1876–1960) O ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE ORIENTALISM P PAKISTAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAN-ARABISM PAN-ISLAM PAN-TURANISM PASDARAN PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE PHILOSOPHY PILGRIMAGE PLURALISM POETRY, LITERATURE POLITICAL ISLAM POLITICAL ORGANIZATION POLITICAL THOUGHT POLYGAMY PRAYER, CALL TO PREACHING PROPERTY PROPHETS PULPIT PURDAH Q QADHDHAFI, MUMAR AL- (1943– ) QADI (KADI, KAZI) QAIDA, AL-The QANUN QIBLA QOM QURAN QUTB, SAYYID (1906–1966) R RABIA OF BASRA (C. 714–801) RAFSANJANI, ALI-AKBAR HASHEMI- RAHMAN, FAZLUR (1919–1988) RASHID, HARUN AL- (C. 763 OR 766–809) RASHIDUN RAWZA-KHANI REFAH PARTISI REFORM RELIGIOUS BELIEFS RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS REPUBLICAN BROTHERS REVOLUTION REZA SHAH (1878–1944) RIBA RIDA, RASHID (1865–1935) RITUAL RUMI, JALALUDDIN (1207–1273) RUSHDIE, SALMAN (1947– ) S SADAT, ANWAR AL- (1918–1981) SADIQ, JAFAR AL- SADR SADR, MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL- (1930–1980) SADR, MUSA AL- (1928–1978?) SAHARA SAINT SALADIN (1137 OR 1138–1193) SALAFIYYA SALEH BIN ALLAWI (C. 1844–1935) SALAH AL-DIN B. AYYUB SALJUQ SANHURI, ABD AL-RAZZAQ, AL- SAUDI DYNASTY SAYYID SCIENCE, ISLAM AND SECULARISM, ISLAMIC SECULARIZATION SELJUQ SHAFII, AL- (C. 767–820) SHAH SHALTUT, MAHMUD (1893–1963) SHARIA SHARIATI, ALI (1933–1977) SHARIF SHARIAT-SHANGALAJI, REZA-QOLI (1890–1943) SHAYKH AL-ISLAM SHAYKHIYYA SHIA SHIRK SIBAI, MUSTAFA AL- (1915–1964) SILSILA SIRHINDI, SHAYKH AHMAD (1564–1624) SOCIALISM SOUTH ASIA, ISLAM IN SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM SOUTHEAST ASIA, ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM SUCCESSION SUFISM SUHRAWARDI, AL- (C. 1154–1191) SUKAYNA (671–737) SULTAN SULTANATES SUNNA SUNNI SUYUTI, AL- (1445–1505) T TABARI, AL- (839–923) TABLIGHI JAMAAT TAFSIR TAHA HUSAYN (HUSSEIN) TAHMASP I, SHAH (1514–1576) TAJDID TALIBAN TANZIMAT TAQIYYA TAQLID TARIQA TASAWWUF TAZIYA (TAZIYEH) TERRORISM THAQAFI, MUKHTAR AL- (C. 622–687) THEOLOGY TIMBUKTU TITLES, ISLAMIC TOUBA TRADITIONALISM TRANSLATION TRAVEL AND TRAVELERS TRIBE TURABI, HASAN AL- (1932– ) TUSI, MUHAMMAD IBN AL-HASAN (SHAYKH AL-TAIFA) (995–1067) TUSI, NASIR AL-DIN (1201–1274) U ULEMA UMAR (C. 581–644) UMAYYID UMMA UMM KULTHUM (1904?–1975) UNITED STATES, ISLAM IN URDU LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND POETRY USULIYYA UTHMAN DAN FODIO (1754–1817) UTHMAN IBN AFFAN (R. 644–656) V VEILING VELAYAT-E FAQIH VERNACULAR ISLAM VIZIER W WAHDAT AL-WUJUD WAHHABIYYA WAJIB AL-WUJUD WALI WALI ALLAH, SHAH (1703–1762) WAQF WAZIFA WAZIR WEST, CONCEPT OF IN ISLAM WOMEN, PUBLIC ROLES OF Y YAHYA BIN ABDALLAH RAMIYA (1856–1931) YOUNG OTTOMANS YOUNG TURKS YOUTH MOVEMENTS YUSUF ALI, ABDULLAH (1872–1953) Z ZAND, KARIM KHAN (c. 1705–1779) ZANZIBAR, SAIDI SULTANATE OF ZAR ZAYTUNA ZIYARA Glossary Appendix Genealogies Timelines Index Color Plates - Volume 1 Abbas I, Shah Angels Arabia, Pre-Islam Architecture Cartography and Geography Bukhara, Khanate and Emirate of Clothing Conflict and Violence Empires: Mongol and Il-Khanid Empires: Safavid and Qajar European Culture and Islam Falsafa Ibn Battuta Travels of Ibn Battuta Color Plates - Volume 2 Marriage Southeast Asian Culture and Islam Miracles Mi‘raj South Asia, Islam in Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Pilgrimage: Hajj Qur’an Qur'an Medicine Science, Islam and Shi‘a, Early Persian Language and Literature Sahara Travel and Travelers