Analytical Philosophy of Medicine: Scientific Philosophy and Philosophy of Medicine

Description

Introduction The Argument Summary Contents Chapter 1: The Logical Roots of Medicine The Archê of Medicine and Its Logical Genealogy Not Diseases First Position and Second Position The Trajectory from Suffering to Disease Summary Chapter 2: Intrinsic Negativities: The Ontological Roots of Medicine Suffering, Discomfort and Harm Physical Pain Contra Putnam First Person Privileged Access The Nature of Pain Dysfunctional Pain The Reversal of Values and The Symbolic Meaning of Pain Mental Suffering: Clinical Anxiety and Clinical Depression Harm and Detriment When Harm or Detriment are Dilemmatic Conclusion Chapter 3: Normalcy or Abnormalcy Norms Normal as Natural Christopher Boorse’s Naturalism Biostatistical Theory. Methodological Naturalism The Homeostatic View of Normalcy Medical Statements Are Both Prescriptive and Descriptive Taking Stock: Defining the Term “Normal” The Nature of Medical Norms Canguilhem and “Natural Norms” The Semantic of the Normal/Abnormal Divide Distinguishing Abnormal from Pathological The Logical Priority of the Pathological The Clinical Epistemic Priority of Normality Specification of Pathological Boundary: The Case of Hypertension Harmful and Pathological When Being Abnormal Is Advantageous Summary Chapter 4: Explanation Explanation or Causation? Two Strategies: Biomedical or Epidemiological Scientific Explanation: The Hypothetico-Deductive Model Scientific Explanation: The Inductive-Statistical Model Epistemic Risk: Inference to the Best Explanation IBE There Can Be No Laws in Biology The Pragmatics of Explanation The Contrastive Counterfactual Nature of Medical Explanations Methodological Reductionism Hierarchical Systems The Pivotal Clinical Level Pathogenesis and Mechanistic Vertical Explanation Critique of the Hierarchical Model The Limits of Reductionism Emergence Realization and Supervenience Causal Versus Non-causal Supervenience The Twofold Context of Explanation in Psychiatry Darwinian Medicine and the Panglossian Fallacy Conclusion Chapter 5: Causation and Aetiology Sufficient and Necessary Causes Aetiology and Deviation from the Norm Are Causes in Medicine External or Internal to Their Effects? Contributing Causes Causal Role and Causal Capacity The Concept of Causality Manipulability David Hume and Causal Regularities David Hume and Counterfactual Dependence The Probabilistic Nature of Causality Analytical Epidemiology Causal Tendencies Risks and Measures of Effects Relative Risk and Odds Ratio (Njolstad et al. 1996) Contrast Case The Causa Vera Fallacy The Web of Causation: Plurality of Causes and Causal Diversity Back to Sufficiency and Necessity Reverse Causality The Structural Equation Framework The Unnatural Nature of Causality Conclusion Chapter 6: Function and Medicine’s Hybrid Concepts The Received View Biological Functions and the Machine Analogy Teleological Explanation Versus Naturalistic Understanding Function as an Activity, a Biological Role, or a Historical Concept Teleology: The Naming-Explaining Fallacy The Alternate Possibility: The Semantic View of John Searle Functions and Their Effects Functional Role and Functional Capacity Physiology Is False Functions Are Hybrid-Concepts: Empirical and Normative, Descriptive and Prescriptive Are Diseases Malfunctions? A Naturalistic View: What Functions Are Not About Dysfunctioning Conclusion Chapter 7: Prudential Objectives Medical Need and Demand Prudence and the Authority of Medical Judgment Time Preference The Structure of Medical Need Three Types of Needs The Instrumental Necessity of Health Needs Needs Are Objective and Demands Subjective Extensional and Intensional Context The Trade-Offs Between Need and Demand: Acceptance and Acceptability The Genealogy of Our Prudential Concepts and Practices First-Person Indexicalised Account: Naturalistic Inferences First-Person Indexicalised Account: A Prescriptivist Account Second-Person Indexicalised Account: The Clinical Encounter Third-Person De-Indexicalised Inference: From a Prudential to a Moral Account Conclusion Chapter 8: Diagnosis Clinical Epistemology Signs and Symptoms The Semantics of Diagnosis Facts or Events The Meaning of Clinical Manifestations The Nature of Diagnosis The Limits of Diagnosis Diagnosis as an Ampliative Procedure Diagnostic Criteria Conclusion: Constructing an Epistemology of Medicine Chapter 9: Diseases, Injuries, and Impairments Defining Diseases The Nature of Diseases Diseases, Type and Token Diseases Have Causes Diseases Have a Natural History Syndromes Enduring Pathological States The Need for Intervention Is Constitutive of Our Notion of Diseases Illness Sickness Behaviour and the Sick Role The Yielding Concept of Disease Two Types of Diseases and a Semantic Digression Manifestational Diseases Single-Criterion or Causal Diseases Are Diseases Natural Kinds? Grades of “Naturalness” Real Illnesses and Fictitious Illnesses The Magic of Alternative Medicine and Its Lobbies Death Conclusion Chapter 10: Mental Disorder Defining Mental Disorder Breakdown of the Self The Paradoxes of Solipsism Rational Breakdown Syntactic Breakdown Semantic Breakdown Epistemic Breakdown Breaking the Rules of the Game Whilst the Game Is in Play Mood Disorders Moral Identity, Responsibility, and the Sick-Role Breakdown of Autonomy and Enforced Treatment The Interactive Stance: Breakdown of Interpersonal Relations Seeing Faces and Making Faces Béla Balázs’s Film Theory and Pathognomy of Human Emotions Pathology of Face Perception Are Mental Disorders Natural Kinds? Ian Hacking: Representing and Intervening Psychiatric Nosology The Spectrum Perspective The Fragility of Diagnosis Diagnostic Reliability and Validity Strawson and the Span of the Concept of Mental Illness The Two Explanatory Roots of Mental Disease: Hippocrates and Samuel Tuke Body and Mind. The Mereological Fallacy More on Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy Splitting Mental Disorders from Neurological Disorders Mental Disorder and the Brain Can Mental States Be Multiply Realized? May Mental Disorders Be Adaptive? Is Schizophrenia Adaptive? Disease Mongering: The Case of Mental Illness Conclusion Chapter 11: Socially Deviant Behaviour Social Deviance Versus Mental Disorder Sociological or Psychiatric Pathology Two Complementary Views Is Alcohol Abuse a Mere Bad Habit? Self-Harm Medicalization of Criminal Deviance Conclusion Chapter 12: Unexplained Physical Symptoms and Functional Disorders History of Unexplained Symptoms and Functional Disorders The Symptom Iceberg Unexplained Physical Symptoms and Health Anxiety Observed in the Doctor’s Office Somatoform Disorders: Symptoms-Only Conditions in the Medical Setting Medically Unexplained Disorders Taking Stock Summary Chapter 13: Health Health Status: Negative or Positive Conclusion Chapter 14: Preventive, Therapeutic, and Palliative Care Therapeutic Doctrines Effectiveness and Efficiency The Myth of the Magic Bullet and Its Return From Wants to Needs Defining Treatment Corrupted Pharmaceutical Research Placebos The Nature of the Placebo Effect Placebos in Clinical Trials Explaining the Placebo Effect Surgery and Placebos The Placebo Effect Is Sometimes Fictitious Randomized Control Trials Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) The Double Meaning of “Treatment” Direct Realism and Instrumentalism in Health Care Prevention and Health Maintenance Screening Scrutiny—Dependent Incidence and Risk Factors of Cancer Herd Immunity The Paradox of Health Education Conclusion Chapter 15: The Clinical Relationship. The Tale of Two Stories Narrative Medicine The Therapeutic Alliance The Doctor’s Authority Truth and Truthfulness in the Clinical Transaction Expectancy The Fault Lines of the Caring Relationship Autonomy and Paternalism The Three Situations First Situation. The Model of Activity-Passivity Second Situation. The Model of Guidance-Cooperation Third Situation. The Model of Mutual Participation Conclusion Chapter 16: Context and Limits of Medicine Epistemic Limits of Clinical Care Professional Limits Ethical Limits Ontological Limits The Media and Misinformation Medicine and Culture Contextual Limits: Medicalization Is Medical Enhancement a Faustian Deal? Summary Chapter 17: Tragedy Contrasting Two Types of Illness-Narratives Aristotle on the Tragic The Value of Life The Induced Disconnection of Life Events Human and Non-human Sentient Beings The Physician’s Predicament Summary Bibliography