Governing Markets as Knowledge Commons

Description

Knowledge commons facilitate voluntary private interactions in markets and societies. These shared pools of knowledge consist of intellectual and legal infrastructures that both enable and constrain private initiatives. This volume brings together theoretical and empirical approaches that develop and apply the Governing Knowledge Commons framework to the evolution of various kinds of shared knowledge structures that underpin exchanges of goods, services, and ideas. Chapters offer vivid and illuminating case studies that illustrate this conceptual framework. How did pooling scientific knowledge enable the Industrial Revolution? How do social networks underpin the credit system enabling the Agra footwear market? How did the market category Scotch whisky emerge and who has access to it? What is the potential of blockchain-ledgers as shared knowledge repositories? This volume demonstrates the importance of shared knowledge in modern society. Cover Half-title Series information Title page Copyright information Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Governing Markets as Knowledge Commons Introduction Foundations and the Theoretical Framework Four Building Blocks Markets Are Cultural and Rely on Knowledge Commons Knowledge Commons Are Produced and Reproduced by Contributions and Sharing Knowledge Commons Serve As Economic Inputs to New Production Processes Entrepreneurship Has Social and Cultural Effects Organization of the Book References 1 The Contribution Good as the Foundation of the Industrial Revolution 1.1 Defining the Industrial Revolution 1.2 Modelling the Industrial Revolution 1.2.1 The Legacy of Nelson and Arrow 1.2.1.1 Tacitness 1.2.2 A Contribution Good Model of Technical Change 1.2.3 Some Related Perspectives 1.3 Governing Science as Contribution Good 1.4 The British Industrial Revolution in Relation to the Commercial and Scientific Revolutions 1.5 Chronology of the British Industrial Revolution 1.6 How Widespread Was Collective Invention? 1.7 International Comparisons 1.8 Conclusion References 2 On the Social Evolution of Knowledge 2.1 Knowledge: The Product of Communal Effort Over Time 2.2 The Subsumption of Knowledge within the Concept of Capital 2.3 Different Views of Knowledge 2.3.1 Knowledge Is Not Separate from Artefacts, Practices, Laws and Institutions 2.3.2 Knowledge as Problem-Solving Activity 2.4 The Owl of Minerva? 2.5 Continuity, Revolution and the Difficulty of Prediction 2.6 Knowledge, Governance and Policy 2.7 Lagging Economies and the Transfer of Technology 2.8 The Innovation Ecosystem References 3 Individual Sovereignty and Coproduction of Knowledge Governance 3.1 Knowledge Goods, Knowledge Governance, and Exchange Acts as Speech Acts 3.2 Individual Sovereignty, Speech Acts, and Territoriality 3.3 Non-geographic Communities, Power Relations, and the Cognitive and Communicative Foundations of Rules: Combining Elements of the IAD Framework 3.4 Constitutive and Regulative Rules as Coproductive Collective Action: Incorporating Searle's Social Ontology 3.5 Conclusion: Individual Sovereignty and Knowledge Content References 4 Common Sense Commons: The Case of Commonsensical Social Norms 4.1 Defining Terms and the Scope of This Chapter 4.2 Common Sense as a Form of Social Infrastructure 4.3 Governance of Common Sense Appendix References 5 Conventions as Shared Cognitive Infrastructures 5.1 The Logic of Choice vs. Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty 5.2 Coping with Uncertainty 5.3 The Behavioral Patterns of Learning Process 5.3.1 A Person Facing Uncertainty in Isolation 5.3.2 A Person Facing Uncertainty in a Group without Interaction 5.3.3 A Person Facing Uncertainty in a Group with Interaction 5.4 Conventions as Cognitive Infrastructure 5.4.1 Aesthetic, Coordinative, and Cooperative Interactions 5.5 Stability vs. Change 5.6 Process of Change 5.7 Concluding Remarks References 6 Property Rights, Knowledge Commons, and Blockchain Governance 6.1 Blockchains, Property Rights, and Knowledge Commons 6.2 Towards More Robust Knowledge Commons 6.3 Conclusion References 7 Knowledge Commons, Social Infrastructures, and Informal Markets: The Case of Informal Trade Credit in India 7.1 The Visible Story 7.2 The Invisible Infrastructure in the Story 7.2.1 The Nature of Product 7.2.2 Enabling Technology 7.3 Plugging the Story in a Framework 7.3.1 Community Attributes Folded in Culture and History 7.3.2 Salient Features and Rules 7.3.3 The Story Cast in the Modified-IAD Framework 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Entrepreneurship and Governance in the Scotch Whisky Knowledge Commons 8.1 Scotch Whisky as a Knowledge Commons 8.1.1 Resource Characteristics 8.1.2 Attributes of the Community 8.1.3 Rules-in-Use 8.1.4 Valuable Commons or Rent-Seeking Scheme 8.2 New Entrepreneurial History of Scotch Whisky 8.3 Implications and Conclusion References 9 Trolling in the Deep: Managing Transgressive Content on Online Platforms as a Commons 9.1 A Certain Idea of Transgression: Trolling on the 18-25 9.1.1 A General Presentation of the Forum and Its Business Model 9.1.2 From a Community of Gamers to a Community of Transgression: The Evolution of a Website 9.2 Shared References as a Tool of Tacit Moderation 9.2.1 Shared References as a Barrier to Entry: The Role of Hermeticism 9.2.2 Shared References as a Way to Prevent Disappearance of Content 9.3 In the Kingdom of Trolls, the Moderator Is King 9.4 Transgression Spaces in Society 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Crowdfunding the Queer Museum: A Polycentric Identity Quarrel 10.1 The Story of the Queer Museum 10.1.1 The First Phase: Exhibition and Protests 10.1.2 The Second Phase: The Crowdfunding Campaign as an Alternative Strategy 10.2 The Identity Commons Resource and Its Infrastructure(s) 10.2.1 Identity Representation in Museums 10.2.2 Interpreting Identities as Cultural Commons 10.3 Making a Dispersed Museum: A Way toward Polycentricity 10.3.1 Using Online Infrastructures as a Shared Resource 10.3.2 An Open Institutional Space 10.4 Socially Governed Identities in the Public Arena 10.4.1 The QM as Arena of Contestation 10.4.2 Identity Contestation and Feedback 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Understanding Different Qualities of the Knowledge Commons in Contemporary Cities 11.1 What Is Important to Cities in the New Economy? 11.2 A New Institutional Approach 11.2.1 Changing the Perspective with the Value-Based Approach 11.2.2 Shared Goods and Willingness to Contribute 11.2.3 The Commons within Contemporary Cities 11.2.4 Knowledge Commons and Shared Goods 11.3 Methods for Measuring the Qualities of Urban Commons 11.4 Empirical Methods for Characterising the Qualities of the Commons 11.4.1 Attributes of Jung-Gu, Seoul 11.4.2 Characteristics of Shared Goods in Jung-Gu 11.4.3 Attributes of Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam 11.4.4 Characteristics of Shared Goods in Westergasfabriek 11.5 Conclusion References