2D Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Description

This book presents cutting-edge research, recent breakthroughs, and unresolved challenges associated with 2D nanomaterials to combat energy and environmental issues. The book discusses the state-of-the-art design and innovations engaged to novel 2D nanomaterials, viz. Transition metal compounds (TMDs, TMOs, TMHs), MXenes, elemental 2D analogs (silicene, phosphorene, arsenene, etc.), Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), etc. It presents the latest trends on top-down and bottom-up synthesis approaches and properties followed by the critical status and progress of these 2D nanomaterials in the field of energy and environment. The topics cover wide spectrum of 2D nanomaterials applications including energy storage/conversion, air/water/soil remediation, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, desalination and membrane filtration, detection and sensing, drug delivery systems, and nano-encapsulated agro-formulations. The subsequent section includes a comprehensive account on the safety risk assessment of 2D nanomaterials towards the ecosystem and human health. This book will be beneficial for beginners, researchers, and professionals from diverse fields interested in 2D nanomaterials for energy and environmental sustainability. Preface Contents About the Editors 1 An Introduction to the Wonder 2D Nanomaterials: Synthetic Approaches and Fundamental Properties 1 Introduction 1.1 Type of 2D Nanomaterials 2 Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 2.1 Bottom-Up Approach 2.2 Top-Down Method 3 Properties and Characterizations of 2D Nanomaterials 3.1 Structural Properties 3.2 Optical and Photonic Properties 3.3 Electrical Properties 3.4 Thermal Properties 3.5 Mechanical and Magnetic Properties 4 Future Aspects and Conclusions References 2 Emerging 2D Nanomaterial Composites for Efficient Energy Conversion: Insight into the Evolutionary Perspective of Devices 1 Introduction 2 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Fundamental Properties for Energy Conversion 3 Why Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for New Energy Conversion Technologies? 4 Energy Conversion Systems Using Two-Dimensional Materials 4.1 Solar Cells 4.2 Electrochemical Water Splitting 4.3 Piezo- and Thermoelectric Devices 5 Conclusions and Outlook References 3 Next-Generation 2D Nanomaterial Composites Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of Charge-Storage in EESDs 2.1 EDLCs (Electric Double-Layer Capacitors) 2.2 Pseudocapacitors 2.3 Fuel Cells 2.4 Batteries 3 Various EESDs Electrodes Based on 2D Nanomaterials and Their Composites 3.1 Graphene 3.2 Transitional Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 3.3 Layered Post-transition Metal Chalcogenides (PTMCs) 3.4 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 3.5 Transition Metal Hydroxides (TMHs) 3.6 Transition Metal Nitrides (TMNs) 3.7 Transition Metal Carbides (TMCs) 3.8 Conducting Polymers (CPs) Composites 3.9 Carbonitrides (CN) 3.10 Hexagonal-Boron Nitride (h-BN) 3.11 Phosphorene (Black Phosphorous) 3.12 Antimonene 3.13 Xenes 4 Factors Affecting 2D Materials Performance 4.1 Effect of Temperature 4.2 Effect of Dopant 4.3 Effect of Defect 5 Conclusion References 4 Novel 2D Nanomaterial Composites Photocatalysts: Application in Degradation of Water Contaminants 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Organic Contaminants on Living Systems 2.1 Organic Dyes 2.2 Antibiotics 3 Preparation and Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalysts 4 Application of 2D Nanomaterial Photocatalysts in Water and Wastewater Treatment 4.1 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation 4.2 MXenes-Based Photocatalysts 4.3 TMDs-Based Photocatalysts 4.4 Phosphorene-Based Photocatalysts 5 Conclusions and Future Outlooks References 5 Advanced 2D Nanomaterial Composites: Applications in Adsorption of Water Pollutants and Toxic Gases 1 Introduction 2 Preparation and Properties of 2D Nanocomposites-Based Adsorbents 3 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials in Adsorption Processes 3.1 Adsorption Mechanism 3.2 MXenes-Based Composites 3.3 TMDs-Based Composites 3.4 Phosphorene-Based Composites 3.5 Adsorption of Toxic Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds 4 Conclusions, Challenges and Future Prospects References 6 Progress in 2D Nanomaterial Composites Membranes for Water Purification and Desalination 1 Introduction 2 Different Synthesis Techniques for 2D Material-Based Membranes 2.1 Drop-Casting 2.2 Vacuum Filtration 2.3 Spin Coating 2.4 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) 3 Various 2D Nanomaterials Based Membranes 3.1 Graphene Membranes 3.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) Membranes 3.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Membranes 3.4 MXene Membranes 3.5 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Membranes 3.6 Zeolite Membranes 4 Proposed Mechanism for Water Desalination Using 2D Material-Based Membranes 5 2D Nanomaterial-Based Membranes in Water Purification and Desalination 6 Challenges Associated with 2D Nanomaterial-Based Membranes 7 Conclusion References 7 Advancements in 2D Nanomaterial Composites-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Contaminants 1 Introduction 2 Advanced Electrochemical Sensing Techniques 3 Fabrication of 2D Nanocomposites-Electrochemical Sensing Platforms/Electrodes 4 2D Nanocomposites-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Gases and Water Pollutants 4.1 TMDs/TMOs-Based Sensors 4.2 MXenes-Based Sensors 4.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks-Based Sensors 4.4 Phosphorene and Other 2D Elemental Nanomaterial-Based Sensors 5 Conclusions References 8 Trending 2D Nanomaterial Composites in Detection and Sensing of Biological Contaminants 1 Introduction 2 Different Types of Sensors 2.1 Fluorescence-Based Sensors 2.2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)-Based Sensors 2.3 Colorimetric Sensors 2.4 Electrochemical Sensors 3 Preparation of 2D Nanocomposite-Based Sensors 4 2D Nanomaterials for Detection and Sensing of Biological Contaminants 4.1 Nanomaterials from Graphene Family and Their Composites 4.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Composites 4.3 Mxene Family 4.4 Phosphorene Family 5 Other 2D Nanomaterials with Future Prospects in Sensing of Biological Contaminants 5.1 Silicene and Germanene Family 5.2 Boron Nitride and Borophene Family 5.3 Tin, Antimony, Bismuth, Tellurium Family 6 Conclusion References 9 Newly Emerged 2D Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Role in Target-Setting Biomedicines 1 Introduction 1.1 Focus on Nanopharmaceuticals 2 Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles 2.1 Synthesis of MSN 2.2 Reaction Kinetics and Template Removal 2.3 Surface Functionalization of MSN 2.4 Surfaces Functionalization by Co-condensation Method 2.5 Surface Functionalization by Post-synthesis Grafting Method 3 Biological Performance of MSN 3.1 Cellular Interaction and Uptake of MSN 3.2 Effects of MSN Size 3.3 Effects of MSN Surface Charge 3.4 Effect of MSN Hydrophobicity and Surface Properties 4 Biocompatibility and Biodistribution 4.1 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 5 Barriers for Drug Delivery 6 Endosomal Escape 7 MSN for On-Demand Drug Release 8 Targeted Delivery Approach of MSN 8.1 Passive Routes 8.2 Surface Decoration with Tumor Directed Ligands 8.3 Enzyme-Responsive Drug Release 8.4 pH-Responsive Drug Release 8.5 Redox-Responsive Drug Release 9 Conclusions and Future Prospects References 10 Futuristic 2D Nanomaterial Composites Agro-Formulations for Sustainable Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Preparation of 2D NMs-based agro-formulations 2.1 Graphene 2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 2.3 MXenes 3 Applications of 2D NMs in Agriculture 3.1 Boosting Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Plant Development 3.2 Nurturing Plant Nutrition 3.3 Diagnosing and Controlling Biotic Stresses (Pest and Diseases) 3.4 Combating Abiotic Stresses (Salinity and Drought) 3.5 Sensing and Restoring the Ecosystem 4 Future Challenges and Conclusion References 11 Fate of 2D Nanomaterials and Their Toxic Effects on the Environment and Human Health 1 Introduction 2 Fate of Nanomaterials in the Environment and Human Body 3 Nanotoxicity: Effect of Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials Toward Human Health 4 Toxicity Assessment of 2D Nanomaterials in Human Health 4.1 Toxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials 4.2 Toxicity of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD) 4.3 Toxicity of Phosphorene 4.4 Toxicity of MXenes 4.5 Toxicity of Hexagonal Boron Nitrides (hBN) 4.6 Toxicity of Silicene and Germanene 4.7 Toxicity of 2D Ceramic Nanomaterials 5 Effect of 2D Nanomaterials in the Environment 6 Precautionary Measures for Handling of 2D Nanomaterials 7 Conclusions References 12 Prospective on 2D Nanomaterials for Energy and Environment: Challenges, Commercial Aspect, and the Future Research Endeavor 1 The Rise of 2D Nanomaterials 2 Challenges Associated with the Production Methods 3 2D Nanomaterials for Sustainable Future 3.1 Energy Storage and Conversion: Challenges and the Future 3.2 Treatment and Removal of Pollutants: Challenges and the Future 3.3 Biomedicines and Healthcare: Challenges and the Future 3.4 Agricultural Practices: Challenges and the Future 4 Commercial Aspect of 2D Nanomaterials: Highlights on Patented Research 5 Conclusions References