A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period Volume 4: The Jews under the Roman Shadow (4 BCE–150 CE)

Description

This is the fourth and final volume of Lester L. Grabbe's four-volume history of the Second Temple period, collecting all that is known about the Jews during the period in which they were ruled by the Roman Empire. Based directly on primary sources such as archaeology, inscriptions, Jewish literary sources and Greek, Roman and Christian sources, this study includes analysis of the Jewish diaspora, mystical and Gnosticism trends, and the developments in the Temple, the law, and contemporary attitudes towards Judaism. Spanning from the reign of Herod Archelaus to the war with Rome and Roman control up to 150 CE, this volume concludes with Grabbe's holistic perspective of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface Abbreviations Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Method in Writing a History of the First and Second Centuries CE 1.2. An Overall Perspective on the Roman Empire 1.3. An Overview of the Situation in Judaea, 1–150 CE 1.4. Terminology and Other Technical Matters Part II Sources Chapter 2 Archaeology, Including Inscriptions and Coins 2.1. Unwritten Remains and Material Culture 2.1.1. From Herod to the Fall of Masada 2.1.2. From the Fall of Masada to the Bar Kokhva Revolt 2.2. Inscriptions, Papyri, and Manuscripts 2.3. Coins Chapter 3 Jewish Literature 3.1. Josephus 3.2. Justus of Tiberias 3.3. Philo of Alexandria 3.4. Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum (Pseudo-Philo) 3.5. Adam and Eve Literature 3.6. Parables (Similitudes) of Enoch (1 Enoch 37–71) 3.7. Pseudo-Phocylides 3.8. The Sibylline Oracles 3.9. Slavonic Enoch (2 Enoch) 3.10. 4 Maccabees 3.11. Testament of Abraham 3.12. Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 3.13. Testament of Job 3.14. Joseph and Asenath 3.15. Apocalypses of Ezra, Baruch, Abraham, and John 3.16. Testament of Solomon 3.17. Rabbinic Literature Chapter 4 Greek, Roman, and Christian Sources 4.1. Classical Sources in Greek and Latin 4.1.1. Cassius Dio 4.1.2. Historia Augusta 4.1.3. Pliny the Younger 4.1.4. Tacitus 4.2. Christian Writers and Literature 4.2.1. Justin Martyr 4.2.2. Eusebius 4.2.3. Orosius 4.2.4. Irenaeus 4.2.5. Epiphanius Part III Society and Institutions Chapter 5 Economics 5.1. The Economy in the Early Roman Empire 5.2. Economic Factors in Judaea 5.2.1. From Herod to the Great Revolt 5.2.2. From the Great Revolt to Bar Kokhva 5.2.3. The Fiscus Judaicus 5.3. Conclusions Chapter 6 Jews in the Diaspora (4 BCE to 117 CE) 6.1. Citizenship for Diaspora Jews? 6.2. Egypt 6.3. Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece 6.4. Rome 6.5. Mesopotamia 6.6. Conclusions Chapter 7 Sects and Movements 7.1. Revolutionaries, ‘Bandits’, and Other Popular Movements 7.2. ‘Fourth Philosophy’ and the Sicarii 7.3. Zealots 7.4. Therapeutae 7.5. The Jesus Movement 7.6. Herodians 7.7. Baptismal Sects 7.7.1. Various Possible Groups? Sources and Arguments 7.7.2. Mandaeans 7.8. Conclusions Chapter 8 Mystical and Gnostic Trends, and the Esoteric Arts 8.1. Mystical Developments 8.2. Prophets, Mystics, and Charismatic Individuals 8.3. Gnosticism and Judaism 8.3.1. Introduction 8.3.2. Sources 8.3.3. The Basic Gnostic Myth 8.3.4. Examples of Jewish and Gnostic Parallels 8.3.5. Discussion 8.3.6. Other Gnostic or Related Traditions 8.3.7. Conclusions with Regard to Gnosticism and Judaism 8.4. The Esoteric Arts: Magic and Controlling the Spirits 8.5. Conclusions Chapter 9 Religion I: Temple and Text, Religious Practice 9.1. Temple and Priesthood 9.1.1. The Sanhedrin 9.1.2. High Priests from Pompey to Vespasian 9.1.3. Synagogues 9.2. Biblical Text and Canon 9.2.1. Development of the Canon of Scripture 9.2.2. Textual Standardization 9.3. Religious Practice 9.3.1. The Question of Images and Art 9.3.2. Marriage and Divorce 9.3.3. Purity 9.4. Conclusions Chapter 10 Religion II: Beliefs 10.1. Developing Views about God 10.1.1. Binitarianism, or ‘Two Powers in Heaven’ 10.1.2. The Figure of Wisdom and the Logos 10.2. Angelic Beings and the Spirit World 10.2.1. Texts 10.2.2. Summary on Angelic Beings 10.3. Messiahs 10.3.1. Texts 10.3.2. The ‘Suffering Messiah’ and the ‘Messiah ben Joseph’ 10.3.3. ‘Son of Man’ 10.3.4. Conclusions about Messiahs 10.4. Eschatologies and Ideas of Salvation 10.4.1. Texts 10.4.2. Conclusions about Eschatology 10.5. Conclusions Chapter 11 Religion III: Judaeophilia and Judaeophobia, Religious Rights, and Conversion 11.1. Pro-Judaism, Anti-Judaism, and Religious Rights 11.1.1. Pro-Jewish Statements 11.1.2. Anti-Judaism 11.1.3. Religious ‘Tolerance’ and Religious Rights 11.2. Judaism as a Mystery Religion 11.2.1. The Greek Mysteries 11.2.2. Judaism from a Hellenistic View 11.2.3. The Jewish God Dionysus 11.2.4. Models from Other Hellenistic Religions 11.2.5. Summary on Judaism as a Mystery Religion 11.3. Becoming a Member of the Jewish Community 11.4. Conclusions Part IV Historical Synthesis Chapter 12 The Reign of Herod Archelaus and the Roman Province of Judaea (4 BCE to 37 CE) 12.1. The Context for First-Century Jewish History 12.2. Augustus and Rome (4 BCE–14 CE) 12.3. The Herodian Succession: An Overview 12.4. Archelaus as Ethnarch (4 BCE–6 CE) 12.5. The Reign of Emperor Tiberius (14–37 CE) 12.6. Judaea a Roman Province (6–41 CE) 12.6.1. Judaea a ‘Province’? 12.6.2. First Roman Governors of Judaea (6–26 CE) 12.6.3. Governorship of Pontius Pilate (26–36 CE) 12.6.4. End of Judaea as a Province 12.7. The Tetrarch Philip (4 BCE–34 CE) 12.8. The Tetrarch Herod Antipas (4 BCE–39 CE) 12.9. Conclusions Chapter 13 The Reign of Agrippa I , Once More a Roman Province, and the ‘Spiral of Violence’ (37–66 CE) 13.1. Reign of Caligula (Gaius) (37–41 CE) 13.2. Agrippa I (37–44 CE) 13.2.1. Early Life 13.2.2. Caligula’s Attempt to Place his Statue in the Temple 13.2.3. Rest of Agrippa I’s Reign 13.3. The Reign of Claudius (41–54 CE) 13.4. Agrippa II (44–94? CE) 13.5. Nero (54–68 CE) 13.6. Judaea a Roman Province Again (44–66 CE) 13.6.1. Overview 13.6.2. Cuspius Fadus (44–46? CE) 13.6.3. Tiberius Julius Alexander (46?–48 CE) 13.6.4. Ventidius Cumanus (48–52 CE) 13.6.5. Antonius Felix (52–59? CE) 13.6.6. Festus (59?–62 CE) 13.6.7. Lucceius Albinus (62–64) 13.6.8. Gessius Florus (64–67 CE) 13.7. Conclusions Chapter 14 The Great Revolt—The War with Rome (66–73/74 CE) 14.1. Background 14.1.1. Judaean Society 14.1.2. ‘The Spiral of Violence’ 14.1.3. Causes of the War 14.2. Beginnings of the War with Rome (66–67 CE) 14.2.1. Initial Events 14.2.2. Defeat of Cestius 14.2.3. Preparations for War 14.2.4. Preparations in Galilee 14.3. Galba, Otho, Vitellius (68–69 CE) 14.4. The Rest of the War (67–70 CE) 14.4.1. Vespasian’s Campaign against Galilee 14.4.2. Jerusalem Isolated and Surrounded 14.4.3. Jewish Infighting 14.4.4. Final Siege of Jerusalem 14.4.5. Destruction of the Temple and End of the War 14.4.6. Why Did They Hold Out? 14.5. Post-70 Fighting 14.6. Conclusions Chapter 15 Roman Control (from 70 to c. 150 CE) 15.1. Historical Overview 15.2. Rule of the Roman Empire: Vespasian to Hadrian 15.2.1. Vespasian (69–79 CE) 15.2.2. Titus (79–81 CE) 15.2.3. Domitian (81–96 CE) 15.2.4. Nerva (96–98 CE) 15.2.5. Trajan (98–117 CE) 15.2.6. Hadrian (117–38 CE) 15.3. Administration of Judaea (70 to post-135 CE) 15.4. Beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism at Yavneh (70–130 CE) 15.5. Lives of Two ‘Ordinary’ Jewish Women 15.5.1. Babatha 15.5.2. Salome Komaïse 15.6. The Revolts under Trajan 15.6.1. Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia 15.6.2. The Question of Palestine in the Revolt under Trajan 15.7. The Bar-Kokhva Revolt (132–136 CE) 15.7.1. Outline of the Revolt 15.7.2. Causes of the Bar-Kokhva Revolt 15.7.3. Chronology of the Bar Kokhva Revolt 15.7.4. Territory in Bar Kokhva’s Kingdom 15.7.5. The Question of Bar Kokhva’s Messiahship and R. Aqiva’s Part in the Revolt 15.8. Conclusions Part V Conclusions Chapter 16 The Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period — a Holistic Perspective 16.1. Overview 16.1.1. Jewish Identity 16.1.2. Religious Practice and Belief 16.1.3. Life in the Diaspora 16.2. Survey of History 16.2.1. Persian Period 16.2.2. The Greek Conquest and Ptolemaic Rule 16.2.3. The Seleucids Take Over 16.2.4. The Maccabaean Revolt and the Hasmonaean Kingdom 16.2.5. Roman Control 16.2.6. The Herodian Kingdom 16.2.7. Rule as a Roman Province 16.2.8. Agrippa I and Agrippa II 16.2.9. Province a Second Time and the Path to War 16.2.10. The ‘Seventy Years War’ Bibliography Index of References Index of Authors Index of Subjects