The Palgrave Handbook of Africa and the Changing Global Order

Description

This handbook fills a large gap in the current knowledge about the critical role of Africa in the changing global order. By connecting the past, present, and future in a continuum that shows the paradox of existence for over one billion people, the book underlines the centrality of the African continent to global knowledge production, the global economy, global security, and global creativity. Bringing together perspectives from top Africa scholars, it actively dispels myths of the continent as just a passive recipient of external influences, presenting instead an image of an active global agent that astutely projects soft power. Unlike previous handbooks, this book offers an eclectic mix of historical, contemporary, and interdisciplinary approaches that allow for a more holistic view of the many aspects of Africa’s relations with the world. Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Africa in the Changing Global Order: The Past, the Present, and the Future Knowledge Production Economy Politics and Diplomacy Performance Arts, Religion, and Diaspora Engagements Part I Historical Foundations of Africa and the World 2 Africa’s Contributions to World Civilization Introduction Older Civilizations Great African Civilizations Making of Colonial Civilization Africa in the Modern World Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Contributions in Higher Education Arts and Music (Blues, Reggae, Jazz, Afrobeat) Twenty-First Century and Beyond Conclusion Cited Works 3 Africa and the World Before the Second World War Background European Scramble for Africa Renewed Encounter with the World and Resistance to Foreign Domination Samori Toure and Mandinka (Present-Day Guinea) Resistance to French Rule Al-Sayyid, Somali Land, and the Religious Motivation for Resistance Further Examples Factors that Facilitated the Conquests Africa and World War I (WWI) The Outbreak of the WWI Conclusion 4 Africa and the World After the Second World War Impacts of Second World War in Africa Decolonization Movements in Africa Post-1945 Economic Impact of the Second World War on Africa Military Impact of the Second World War on Africa Africa in the Cold War Africa's Economic Relations with the World Post-1945 Africa and the World After the Second World War: Political Scene Africa and the World After the Second World War: Peace and Security Africa's Cultural Relations with the World Conclusion 5 Colonialism, Coloniality, and Colonial Rule in Africa Introduction The Scramble for Africa and Colonial Rule in Africa: A Provenance Colonial Conquest of Africa Nature and Characteristics of Colonial Administration in Africa Impacts of Colonial Rule on Africa Nature and Structure of African States Power and Politics African Economy and Social Relations Intra-Africa and the Wider World By Way of Conclusion: Coloniality of Power on Colonialism in Africa References 6 Africa and the Diaspora Introduction Defining Diaspora and Africa The Historic Dispersal and Diasporas The Atlantic Slave Trade and Africa Economic Impacts Political Impacts Social Impacts Conclusion 7 The African Diaspora in the United States Introduction Toyin Falola and the De [Construction] of the African Diaspora The Yoruba in the Atlantic World The Struggle for Citizenship Rights and Equality in the African Diaspora The Impact of Social Movements: The Modern Civil Rights Movement and # Black Lives Matter Conclusions Part II Africa and Global Knowledge Production 8 African Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the World Introduction Methodology Conceptual Framework Worldview Concept Participatory Mapping Adaptation Strategies Knowledge Nature of African Culture and Indigenous Knowledge Systems African Indigenous Knowledge System and Western Knowledge System Recorded Successes of Indigenous Knowledge and Advocacy for It Usage Conclusion 9 Coloniality of Being, Imperial Reason, and the Myth of African Futures Overture: The Colonial Redux Africa's Humanitas Presence as Anthropos Absence The Imperial Reason Is Coloniality of Being On Epistemic Violence Colonial Utopic Registers The Future In-Itself and For-Itself Coda: Another World Is Possible References 10 African Voices and Black Spaces: Confronting Knowledge in White Man’s IR Introduction Africans as Agents of Theory and Theory-Building Significance: Africa's Position in Changing Global Order What Is Africa's Place in IR? The Absence of Race in the Great Debates African-Centered IR in the Era of Critical Theories Connecting Hierarchy, Race, and Africa Consequences of Limiting Black Voices and Black Spaces in International Relations Conclusion 11 Epistemologies of the South and Africa's Marginalization in the Media Introduction Historicizing Africa's Presence/Absence in News Why News Matters News as Weaponized Words The Whiteness of News The News Algorithm The News Archive and News Agendas Pathways into the Future: The Zimbabwean Case References 12 The Influence of Globalization in Positioning African Indigenous Knowledge and Learning System Introduction Conceptual Clarification Africa in Changing World Order and the Framing of Africanization in Global Context The Africanization of Knowledge and Learning System African Knowledge and Learning System Difficulty Linked with Africanization of Knowledge Conclusion Bibliography 13 Ubuntu: The Political Paradigm Africa Should Endorse to Impact the Global Community Introduction Empirical and Scholarship Narratives for Ubuntu The Nostalgia for Africa’s “Pre-Capitalist Mode” and “Symbolic Order” African Seminal Scholarships and the Espousal of an “African Initiative” Ubuntu: The Catalytic African Paradigm Descriptions of Ubuntu Definition of Ubuntu Ubuntu: Principles, Functions, and Goals The Catalytic Implications of the Ubuntu Paradigm for Africa Conclusion 14 Ancient Knowledge and the Right to Development Introduction The Significance of “Thought” in the Advancement of the Right to Development Context The Essence of African Thought in Respect of Development (Southern Africa) Ancient Southern African Thought on International Peace and Cooperation Ancient Southern African Thought in Respect to the Well-Being of Societies Lessons Ancient African Knowledge in the Global Order Amidst Contemporary Issues of Development Positioning Ancient African Knowledge in the Global Arena Ancient African Knowledge in Contemporary Issues Pertaining to the Right to Development Conclusion References Part III Africa in the Global Economy 15 The New Scramble for Africa The New Scramble for Africa Pan-Africanism: An Ideology of Development Africa and the Changing Economic and Political Realities United States and China in Africa: Common Interests and/or Different Approaches? Implications of the United States and China's Engagement on Africa's Development New Scramble and Africa's Development Concluding Remarks 16 Shifting Centers of Coloniality of Power: The Scramble for African Mines and Minerals Introduction Coloniality of Power in Africa Mining in Africa The South African Experience The Zambian Experience The Zimbabwean Experience China, the New Colonial Power in Africa The Role of African Elites Exploiting African Resources to Our Advantage and Development Conclusion 17 It is Still Extractive Imperialism in Africa: Ghana’s Oil Rush, Extractivist Exploitation, and the Unpromising Prospects of Resources-Led Industrialization Introduction The New Scramble as Opportunity for Development? Twenty-First Century Global Economy and Extractivist Imperialism in Africa Ghana’s Oil Rush as Extractive Imperialism Inequality in the Sharing of Oil Wealth Exploitative Petroleum Agreements: Generous Incentives and “Sweet” Deals Ghana’s Enclave Oil Industry: Shallow and Few Industrializing Linkages Concluding Remarks 18 Sub-Saharan Africa in the International Trading System: Understanding the Recent Trends Introduction Theoretical Framework Sub-Saharan Africa International Trade SSA Product Composition Intra-Africa Trade Conclusion References 19 Africa in Global Trade Introduction Why the Focus on Trade? Why Now? Evolution of Africa’s Trade: A Brief Analysis AfCFTA and Regional Trade: The Missing Ingredient? China–Africa Trade Relations Conclusion 20 Africa in Global Trade: Tracking Performance and Mapping Future Pathways Introduction Materials and Methods Theoretical Framework: Review of Trade Theories and How They Explain Africa’s Position in Global Trade Literature Review The Nature of International Trade in the Changing Global Economic Order Africa and the Changing Global Trading System The Evidence: Tracking the Performance of Africa in the Global Trading System How Africa Is Responding to the Challenges Conclusion and Recommendations Mapping Future Pathways 21 Global Governance of Finance and African Relations with the World Introduction Political Economy Analysis of Africa Intersection in the Global Capitalist System Financialization of the Global Economy Public Debt in African Economies Bretton Woods Institutions Overview of the Global Financial Crisis in African Countries IMF Intervention in Africa Africa and the Economic Reform Regimes Conclusion References 22 Aid-Dependence and the Emancipation of Africa Introduction Theoretical Framework: Institutional and Political Economy Theories Institutionalism Political Economy Method of Analysis The Context Data and Method Aid-Dependence and Debt Crises in Africa The Analysis Concluding Remarks References 23 Between Heterochthonous Laissez-Faireism and Autochthonous Organic Farming: Africa’s Lazarus Global Food Security Challenges Introduction Transformative Theory Laissez-Faireism and Its Impacts on Africa Agriculture from the Beginning Agroecological Approach to Food Sovereignty and Women’s Roles Conclusion and Recommendations References 24 Global Public Policy Paradigms and the Socio-Economic Transformation Trajectories of Africa Introduction Conceptual Perspective of Policy Paradigms Keynesian Modernization Paradigm Keynesian Modernization Policy Paradigm in Action The Turn of Liberal-Neoliberal Policy Paradigm Manifestations of the Neoliberal Paradigm in Africa Conclusion Part IV Africa in International Relations 25 The African Union’s Pursuit of Pax Africana: From Continental Cadet to Globally Revered Generalissimo? Introduction Pax Africana: Origin and Conceptual Definition Exploring Africa’s Initial Pursuit of Pax Africana (1960s–1990s) The African Union’s Institutionalization of Pax Africana: The African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) Interrogating APSA’s Underpinning Normative and Institutional Frameworks Realizing Pax Africana Through APSA? An Overview Conclusion 26 Seeking African Agency in Global Clubs Introduction What Is African Agency, and Why Is It Important to Africa’s Role in a Changing Global Order? Mechanisms Promoting Africa’s Club Engagements The G20, the Africa Advisory Group, and Compact with Africa BRICS and Bi-lateral Engagements, Seeking Pragmatism from a Post-Washington Consensus Rhetoric Limitations of Club Engagement in Africa Conclusions: Priority Shifting Activating African Agency References 27 The Monologue on Liberal Democracy: Africa in a Neocolonialized World Introduction Democratizing the Epistemological Lenses on Democracy in Africa Post-liberation, New Imperialism, and Democracy “End of History” and the Liberal Discourse on Democracy Eurocentric Illusions: Democratize the Untransformed Inherited States The Liberation Without Democracy Thesis Conclusion References 28 Environmental Diplomacy and the Fallacy of Climate Bandwagoning in Africa Introduction Environmental Diplomacy: Conceptual Discourse Theoretical Framework Environmental Diplomacy in Africa: Liking Regional Exigencies to International Climate Regime Environmental Diplomacy and the Fallacy of Climate Bandwagoning in Africa Conclusion Remarks References 29 The European Union’s Emergency Trust Fund for Africa and Challenges of Addressing Irregular Migration in the Global South: The Nigerian Example Introduction An Overview of the European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa X-raying the Remotes and Immediate Causes of Migration in Nigeria Implications of European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa Projects Funding in Nigeria and Other Countries in the Sahel and Lake Chad Region How to Make the EU Trust Fund Achieve Its Objectives Conclusion 30 Europe After Brexit and Possible Implications for African Region Introduction Brexit: A Journey of no Return? Conceptualisation of Integration of the EU vs (Pro) Brexit Setting Theoretical Framework—(Post) Brexit The EU and Post-Brexit Africa, the EU, and Post-Brexit Post-Brexit Era: A Significant Advantage for Africa Conclusion References 31 Sino-African Relations and Trends for the Post-Covid-19 Global Order The Context: The Global System and the Paradox of Continuity and Change Evolutionary Patterns of Collaboration Between China and Africa Four Decades of Tentative Engagement with China The FOCAC Platform Structural Limitations The Changing Nature of the Global System Knowledge Economy Covid-19 Pandemic Tentative De-globalization Trends Africa's Enduring Place in the Global System Africa’s Choices in a Post-Covid-19 World Order Playing the China Card: By Way of Conclusion References 32 “Look East” and Look Back: Lessons for Africa in the Changing Global Order Introduction Looking East to South Korea A Lesson in Technology A Lesson in Learning Lessons in Culture Lessons in Trust and Character Lessons in Identity Profiling Lessons in Adaptation and Innovation Looking Back into Africa’s Past Africa’s “Ritual Archives” and a Lesson in Evocation and Recovery Africa’s Narrative of Diversity and Learning A Culture of Learning A Culture of Governance Concluding Remarks Works Cited 33 Changing Narratives of Human Rights Regional Human Rights Mechanisms Postcolonial Development of Human Rights in Africa African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1982) The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child The Protocol to the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa Sub-regionalization of Human Rights in Africa: The ECOWAS Experience The Contemporary State of Human Rights in Africa Conclusion Part V Africa in Global Security Conflict and Peacebuilding 34 Africa and the Restructuring of the United Nations Security Council Introduction Power Politics and the Failure to Maintain Global Order The Invention of the United Nations and the Promise of Global Order Africa and the Legacy of Global Exclusion Pan-African Efforts to Reform the UN Security Council African Perspectives on the Remaking of Global Order Enhancing Africa’s Global Agency Activating Africa’s Agency as Freedom Seekers, Global Solidarity, Justice, and Reconciliation Promoters The Pathway to the Remaking of Global Order: Practical Steps to the WFN Through a UN Charter Review Conference Interrogating the (Im)Possibility of Change Conclusion 35 Africa in Peacekeeping Operations in a Changing Global Order Introduction Conceptual Interrogation and Peace-Keeping in Africa The Roles of the United Nations and Africa Union Significant Roles of Women in Peacekeeping in Africa Challenges and Progress Africa Peacekeeping Operation in the Changing Global Order Conclusion References 36 The War on Terror and Securitization of Africa Introduction Theoretical Perspective Attributes of Modern Terrorism and Its Emergence in Africa The Fight Against Terror: Africa as a Theater of Military Operation Concluding Remarks References 37 Africa’s Search for Sustainable Security in an Emergent Global Order Introduction Exploring the Security Complex Theoretical Framework Africa in the Global Security Complex NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) APSA: Towards Sustainable Security in Africa Summary and Conclusion Recommendations 38 The European Union and the African Regional Security Outlook in the Twenty-First Century: Gains, Challenges, and Future Prospects Introduction Africa–EU Relations in Retrospect Conceptual and Theoretical Premise The EU and Regional Security in Twenty-First-Century Africa: A Critical Analysis Gains Challenges Future Prospects Conclusion References 39 Piercing the Veil of Non-Interference Doctrine: China’s Expanding Military Footprint in Africa Introduction Changing Patterns of Non-Interference Doctrine Increased Military Presence Chinese Boots on the African Ground Arms Trading In the Name of Fighting International Terrorism In the Name of Protecting Chinese Nationals Implications on Decolonial Peace and Security Conclusion 40 Africa’s Transitionssal Justice System in a Changing Global Order: The “Allure” of Rwanda’s Gacaca Transitional Justice System Introduction Transitional Justice as Sine qua Non for Post-conflict Coexistence The Gacaca Court System for Transitional Justice Post-genocide Justice: Gacaca Court System to the Rescue The Gacaca Court System as Success Story Hybridisation for Future Justice System Conclusion 41 Reconstructing Global Security and Peacebuilding in Somalia's Changing Context Introduction Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives . Methods Security Reconstruction and Peacebuilding Efforts in Somalia Sources of Global Security Challenges and Peacebuilding Responses in Somalia Influence of the Global Security Policy Framework on the Sustainability of Peacebuilding Efforts in Somalia Conclusions and Recommendations 42 Unipolarity, Emerging Powers, African Security and the Place of Africa in the International System 1993–2017 Introduction Conceptual Clarifications Security Unipolarism The Development of America Unipolarity, U.S. African Relation 1993–2017, and the Presence of AFRICOM 2007–2017 Sino African Relations and Its Economic and Security Presence in Africa Africa and Russia Africa Contributions to the Emergence of the Current Global Order Contemporary Realities of Africa’s Placement in the New World Order and the Dilemma of Africa Security Conclusion Part VI Africa and Global Religions and Creativity 43 Beyond the Assemblage of Rhythms and Tunes: Post-colonial African Music and the Struggle for Liberation Introduction Music and Politics in Africa X-raying Africa’s Socio-economic and Political Woes Through Music Fela Anikulapo-Kuti Fela, Societal Inequalities, and Economic Hardship Analyzing Africa’s Leadership Crisis and the Problems of Neo-colonialism Lucky Dube Majekodunmi Fasheke (Majek Fashek) Conclusion 44 Beyond Riots: Africa’s Fela Kuti and His One Man Political Protest in the Changing Global Order Introduction and Background Fela’s Political Protest: Potentialities, Behaviour and Action Summary and Conclusion References 45 African Pentecostalism in a Changing Economic and Democratic Global Order Introduction Theorizing the Place of Religion in the Changing Global Order African Pentecostalism in a Changing Global Order Pentecostalism and Nation-State Democracy Pentecostalism and the Neo-liberal Economic Order Conclusion 46 Pentecostalism and the African Diaspora: A Case Study of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) in North America Introduction Introduction of RCCG to North America Challenges of RCCGNA Conclusion 47 “Return My Power, or You Die!” Charismatic Church and Political Leaders Hankering for What in Africa? Introduction Church–state Relations: Theoretical and Conceptual Context for Examining Relations Between Religious and Political Leaders in Africa On the Church On the State On Church–State Relations On the Church and Politics in Africa Charismatic Church Leaders and Political Leaders Hankering for What in Africa? a Brief Discussion Seer 1 and Zambian Politicians Bishop Pascal Mukuna and Democratic Republic of Congo Politicians Charismatic Church Leaders and Political Leaders in Africa and Implications for State Governance: Some Concluding Remarks 48 Reimaging Women Ritual Space: Gender and Power Dynamics in African Religion Introduction Construction of African Religion and Spiritually Gender Framing of African Religion and Spiritually Gender Overlaps and Complementarity in African Religion and Spirituality Women Formidable Status in African and Afro-American Traditional Religion and Spirituality Conclusion References 49 Spatial Navigation as a Hermeneutic Paradigm Ifa, Heidegger and Calvino Introduction Theoretical Framework Spatial Navigation in Relation to the Experience of Decision Making Invisible Cities in Relation to Spatial Navigation Central Informing Schools of Thought: The Ifa System of Knowledge and Divination and Heidegger’s Phenomenological Hermeneutics Heidegger’s Phenomenological Hermeneutics The Ifa System of Knowledge and Divination Imagery of Spatial Navigation as Constituting the Point of Intereferentiality Between the Discourses Under Study Methodology Symbolism of Spatial Navigation in Ifa as Analytical and Organizational Center Conceptual Basis of Methodology Method of Correlation of Conceptual Basis and Target Discourses Structure Methods of Interpreting Space Through Sign and Symbol Systems Semiotics Phenomenology Strengths and Weaknesses of Semiotics and Phenomenology Contrastive Approaches to the Study of Spatial Frameworks in Semiotics and Phenomenology as Exemplified by a Study of the Map of the London Underground The Visceral Dimension of Spatial Navigation as Demonstrated by Phenomenology Spatial Navigation in Individual and Interpersonal Contexts Spatial Navigation as the Constitution of Individual Life Worlds Spatial Navigation as the Interpretation of Transpersonal Possibilities Spatial Forms Interpreted as Archetypal Patterns Spatial Forms as Evocative of Questions of Ultimate Meaning Conclusion: Space of Expansive Possibilities or Space of Constricted Potential? References 50 Opium or Elixir? How Adherence to Major World Religions Influence Africans’ Health-Related Behavior During a Pandemic: A Case Study of Nigeria Introduction The Intersection of Public Health, Religion and Social Attitudes in Nigeria Theoretical Foundation of Study Methodology Experimental Design Dependent Variable: Actionable Response to a Public Health Advisory Expectations Statistical Analysis Results Discussion and Conclusion Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix3 References Part VII Africa and Global Leadership 51 Diplomacy and Politics Introduction Pre-colonial African Diplomacy Contemporary African Diplomacy and Politics (from 1960) Africa's Non-career Diplomats Africa's Diplomats and the Quest for Global Stability Emeka Anyaoku and the Commonwealth Emeka Anyaoku's Contributions to the Commonwealth Kofi Annan and the United Nations (UN) The Brahimi Report Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Conclusion 52 The World of Literary Writers Wole Soyinka Chinua Achebe Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o Nuruddin Farah Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Works Cited 53 African Academic Leaders and Public Intellectuals Introduction Individual and Ideological Context Intellectual and Institutional Context Conclusion 54 Global African Business Leaders Mo Ibrahim Aliko Dangote Moshood Abiola Teresa Mbagaya James Mwangi Patrice Motsepe Index