Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience

Description

Ideal for any student of neuroanatomy, neuroscience, or other medical or science disciplines involving the nervous system, Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience, 4th Edition, is a highly visual, clinically oriented exploration of structure and function―from neurons to motor and sensory systems to global neural function and dysfunction. This award-winning text approaches this complex topic from three perspectives: Neuroscience Overview, Regional Neuroscience, and Systemic Neuroscience. Illustrations by Frank H. Netter, MD, and others following in his tradition are framed by concise, expert text and accompanied by neuroimaging, photomicrographs, and summary diagrams. Combines Netter and Netter-like illustrations, and beautiful molecular and cellular illustrations, with succinct text and clinical points, delivering the essential information students need for both basic science and clinical programs. Presents organizational and summarized neurosciences information, enabling students to review complex concepts, functions, and systems in several contexts. Provides an overview of the basic features of cellular and molecular neuroscience; peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, and the brain; reviews the neural vasculature, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and developmental neuroscience. Highlights cross-sectional spinal cord and brain stem anatomy and side-by-side comparisons of Netter illustrations and MRIs of axial and coronal brain sections, including extensive clinical correlations. Focuses on foundational concepts as well as clinically relevant discussions. Expands basic neural connectivity and functional roles of limbic structures and behavior. Reviews Global Neural Functions and Disorders in a brand new chapter with more than a dozen new art plates. Includes many new art plates covering current topics including neural foundations of addiction, dementias, several neuropsychiatric disorders, consciousness, coma and its assessment, sleep regulation, postnatal and adult neurogenesis, endogenous opioid systems, endogenous cannabinoid systems, and others. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Front Cover ES1 Netter's Neroscience Flash Cards Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience Copyright About The Authors Dedication Acknowledgments Preface About The Artists Contents Video Contents I - OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 - Neurons and Their Properties ANATOMICAL AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES 1.1 NEURONAL STRUCTURE 1.2 3D NEURONAL STRUCTURE AND NEUROHISTOLOGY 1.3 NEURONAL ULTRASTRUCTURE 1.4 TYPES OF SYNAPSES 1.5 NEURONAL CELL TYPES 1.6 MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING NEURONS 1.7 GENETIC MODELS FOR STUDYING NEURONS AND THEIR DISORDERS 1.8 GLIAL CELL TYPES 1.9 ASTROCYTE BIOLOGY 1.10 MICROGLIAL BIOLOGY 1.11 OLIGODENDROCYTE BIOLOGY 1.12 NEURONAL GROWTH FACTORS AND TROPHIC FACTORS 1.13 STEM CELLS IN THE CNS: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS 1.14 STEM CELL THERAPY 1.15 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 1.16 INFLAMMATION IN THE CNS 1.17 AXONAL TRANSPORT IN THE CNS AND PNS 1.18 MYELINATION OF CNS AND PNS AXONS 1.19 DEVELOPMENT OF MYELINATION AND AXON ENSHEATHMENT ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 1.20 NEURONAL RESTING POTENTIAL 1.21 NEURONAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND SODIUM CHANNELS 1.22 GRADED POTENTIALS IN NEURONS 1.23 MECHANISMS OF EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS AND INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS 1.24 ACTION POTENTIALS 1.25 PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL 1.26 NODE OF RANVIER AND CONDUCTION VELOCITY 1.27 CLASSIFICATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBERS BY SIZE AND CONDUCTION VELOCITY 1.28 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND CONDUCTION VELOCITY STUDIES 1.29 PRESYNAPTIC AND POSTSYNAPTIC INHIBITION 1.30 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION 1.31 NORMAL ELECTRICAL FIRING PATTERNS OF CORTICAL NEURONS AND THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF SEIZURES 1.32 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY 1.33 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES IN GENERALIZED SEIZURES AND SITES OF ACTION OF ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS 1.34 VISUAL AND AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS NEUROTRANSMITTER AND SIGNALING PROPERTIES 1.35 SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY 1.36 MECHANISMS OF MOLECULAR SIGNALING IN NEURONS 1.37 NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE 1.38 MULTIPLE NEUROTRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS, RELEASE, AND SIGNALING FROM INDIVIDUAL NEURONS 1.39 NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: LOCAL REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC STRENGTH AT AN EXCITATORY SYNAPSE 1.40 NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: REGULATION OF NUCLEAR SIGNALING 1.41 GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION OF NEURONS AND APOPTOSIS 1.42 CHEMICAL NEUROTRANSMISSION 1.42 CHEMICAL NEUROTRANSMISSION (CONTINUED) AMINO ACID SYNAPSE CATECHOLAMINE SYNAPSE SEROTONIN SYNAPSE PEPTIDE SYNAPSES ACETYLCHOLINE (CHOLINERGIC) SYNAPSE 2 - Skull and Meninges 2.1 Interior View of the Base of the Adult Skull 2.2 Foramina in the Base of the Adult Skull 2.3 Bony Framework of the Head and Neck 2.4 Schematic of the Meninges and Their Relationships to the Brain and Skull 2.5 Hematomas 3 - Brain 3.1 Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain: Lateral View 3.2 Lateral View of the Forebrain: Functional Regions 3.3 Lateral View of the Forebrain: Brodmann’s Areas 3.4 Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain in Situ 3.5 Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain, with Brainstem Removed 3.6 Medial Surface of the Brain 3.7 Anatomy of the Basal Surface of the Brain, with the Brainstem and Cerebellum Removed 3.8 Basal Surface of the Brain: Functional Areas and Brodmann’s Areas 3.9 Brain Imaging: Computed Tomography Scans, Coronal and Sagittal 3.10 Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T1- 3.11 Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T2- 3.12 Positron Emission Tomography Scanning 3.13 Horizontal Brain Sections Showing the Basal Ganglia 3.14 Major Limbic Forebrain Structures 3.15 Corpus Callosum 3.16 Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosum by Diffusion Tensor Imaging 3.17 Hippocampal Formation and Fornix 3.18 Thalamic Anatomy 3.19 Thalamic Nuclei 4 - Brainstem and Cerebellum 4.1 Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Posterolateral View 4.2 Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Anterior View 4.3 Cerebellar Anatomy: External Features 4.4 Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Features 5 - Spinal Cord 5.1 Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy 5.2 Lumbar Vertebrae: Radiography 5.3 Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy in Situ 5.4 The Spinal Cord: Its Meninges and Spinal Roots 5.5 Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional Anatomy in Situ 5.6 Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter 6 - Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid 6.1 Ventricular Anatomy 6.2 Ventricular Anatomy in Coronal Forebrain Section 6.3 Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Posterior View with Cerebellum Removed 6.4 Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Lateral View 6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ventricles: Axial and Coronal Views 6.6 Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid 6.7 Hydrocephalus and Shunting of the Cerebrospinal Fluid 6.8 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 7 - Vasculature Arterial System 7.1 Meningeal Arteries: Relationship to Skull and Dura 7.2 Arterial Supply to the Brain and Meninges 7.3 Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease 7.4 Internal Carotid and Ophthalmic Artery Course and Cavernous Sinus Fistula 7.5 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View 7.6 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Cutaway Basal View Showing the Circle of Willis 7.7 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Frontal View with Hemispheres Retracted 7.8 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Coronal Forebrain Section 7.9 Types of Strokes 7.10 Lacunar Infarcts 7.11 Schematic of Arteries to the Brain 7.12 Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustration and Vessels in Situ 7.13 Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 7.14 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Lateral and Medial Views 7.15 Territories of the Cerebral Arteries 7.16 Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Frontal and Lateral Views 7.17 Angiographic Anatomy of the Internal Carotid Circulation 7.18 Vertebrobasilar Arterial System 7.19 Angiographic Anatomy of the Vertebrobasilar System 7.20 Occlusive Sites of the Vertebrobasilar System 7.21 Vascular Supply to the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 7.22 Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord: Longitudinal View 7.23 Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries and Their Distribution 7.24 Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional View Venous System 7.25 Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins 7.26 Veins: Superficial Cerebral, Meningeal, Diploic, and Emissary 7.27 Venous Sinuses 7.28 Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain 7.29 Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain: Relationship to the Ventricles 7.30 Carotid Venograms: Venous Phase 7.31 Magnetic Resonance Venography: Coronal and Sagittal Views 7.32 Venous Drainage of the Brainstem and the Cerebellum 7.33 Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord 8 - Developmental Neuroscience 8.1 Formation of the Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest 8.2 Neurulation 8.3 Neural Tube Development and Neural Crest Formation 8.4 Development of Peripheral Axons 8.5 Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerve Development 8.6 Limb Rotation and Dermatomes 8.7 Neural Proliferation and Differentiation: Walls of the Neural Tube 8.8 Neural Tube and Neural Crest Derivatives 8.9 Early Brain Development: The 28-Day-Old Embryo 8.10 Early Brain Development: The 36-Day-Old Embryo 8.11 Early Brain Development: The 49-Day-ŁOld Embryo and the 3-ŁMonth-ŁOld Embryo 8.12 Forebrain Development: 7 Weeks Through 3 Months 8.13 The 6-Month and 9-Month Central Nervous Systems 8.14 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex 8.15 Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis 8.16 Comparison of 5½-Week and Adult Central Nervous System Regions 8.17 Alar And Basal Plate Derivatives in the Brainstem 8.18 Adult Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain 8.19 Cranial Nerve Primordia 8.20 Cranial Nerve Neuron Components 8.21 Development of Motor and Preganglionic Autonomic Nuclei in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 8.22 Development of the Eye and Orbit 8.23 Development of the Ear 8.24 Development of the Pituitary Gland 8.25 Development of the Ventricles 8.26 Development of the Fourth Ventricle 8.27 Neural Tube Defects 8.28 Defects of the Brain and Skull 8.29 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome II - REGIONALNEUROSCIENCE 9 - Peripheral Nervous System INTRODUCTION AND BASIC ORGANIZATION 9.1 SCHEMATIC OF THE SPINAL CORD WITH SENSORY, MOTOR, AND AUTONOMIC COMPONENTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVES 9.2 ANATOMY OF A PERIPHERAL NERVE 9.3 NERVE COMPRESSION AND PRESSURE GRADIENTS 9.4 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY AND DEGENERATION IN A COMPRESSION NEUROPATHY 9.5 RELATIONSHIP OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS TO VERTEBRAE 9.6 LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION: L4-L5 AND L5-S1 9.7 SENSORY CHANNELS: REFLEX AND CEREBELLAR 9.8 SENSORY CHANNELS: LEMNISCAL 9.9 MOTOR CHANNELS: BASIC ORGANIZATION OF LOWER AND UPPER MOTOR NEURONS 9.10 AUTONOMIC CHANNELS 9.11 CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS 9.12 PACINIAN CORPUSCLES 9.13 INTEROCEPTORS 9.14 SKIN AND ITS NERVES 9.15 THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AND NEUROTRANSMISSION 9.16 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 9.17 MAJOR STRUCTURES AND PROTEINS IN THE NORMAL NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 9.18 NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTIONS SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 9.19 DERMATOMAL DISTRIBUTION 9.20 CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES 9.21 CUTANEOUS NERVES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 9.22 CERVICAL PLEXUS IN SITU 9.23 CERVICAL PLEXUS 9.24 PHRENIC NERVE 9.25 THORACIC NERVES 9.26 BRACHIAL PLEXUS 9.27 DERMATOMES OF THE UPPER LIMB 9.28 CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION 9.29 CUTANEOUS INNERVATION OF THE UPPER LIMB 9.30 THE SCAPULAR, AXILLARY, AND RADIAL NERVES ABOVE THE ELBOW 9.31 RADIAL NERVE IN THE FOREARM 9.32 MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE 9.33 MEDIAN NERVE 9.34 CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME 9.35 ULNAR NERVE 9.36 LUMBAR PLEXUS 9.37 SACRAL AND COCCYGEAL PLEXUSES 9.38 FEMORAL AND LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVES 9.39 OBTURATOR NERVE 9.40 SCIATIC AND POSTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVES 9.41 TIBIAL NERVE 9.42 COMMON PERONEAL NERVE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 9.43 GENERAL SCHEMA 9.44 AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND METABOLIC ORGANS 9.45 REFLEX PATHWAYS 9.46 CHOLINERGIC AND ADRENERGIC SYNAPSES 9.47 SCHEMATIC OF CHOLINERGIC AND ADRENERGIC DISTRIBUTION TO MOTOR AND AUTONOMIC STRUCTURES 9.48 AUTONOMIC DISTRIBUTION TO THE HEAD AND NECK: MEDIAL VIEW 9.49 AUTONOMIC DISTRIBUTION TO THE HEAD AND NECK: LATERAL VIEW 9.50 SCHEMATIC OF AUTONOMIC DISTRIBUTION TO THE HEAD AND NECK 9.51 AUTONOMIC DISTRIBUTION TO THE EYE 9.52 AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF THE NASAL CAVITY 9.53 SCHEMATIC OF THE PTERYGOPALATINE AND SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLIA 9.54 SCHEMATIC OF THE OTIC GANGLION 9.55 INNERVATION OF THE LIMBS 9.56 THORACIC SYMPATHETIC CHAIN AND SPLANCHNIC NERVES 9.57 INNERVATION OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE 9.58 INNERVATION OF THE HEART 9.59 ABDOMINAL NERVES AND GANGLIA 9.60 NERVES OF THE ESOPHAGUS 9.61 INNERVATION OF THE STOMACH AND PROXIMAL DUODENUM 9.62 NERVES OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM 9.63 INNERVATION OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES 9.64 NERVES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE 9.65 NERVES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE 9.66 ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: LONGITUDINAL VIEW 9.67 ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW 9.68 AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT 9.69 AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF THE PANCREAS 9.70 SCHEMATIC OF INNERVATION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND 9.71 INNERVATION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND 9.72 AUTONOMIC PELVIC NERVES AND GANGLIA 9.73 NERVES OF THE KIDNEYS, URETERS, AND URINARY BLADDER 9.74 INNERVATION OF THE KIDNEYS AND UPPER URETER 9.75 INNERVATION OF THE URINARY BLADDER AND LOWER URETER 9.76 INNERVATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 9.77 INNERVATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 10 -SPINAL CORD 10.1 CYTOARCHITECTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER 10.2 SPINAL CORD LEVELS: CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL 10.3 SPINAL CORD LEVELS: CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL (CONTINUED) 10.4 SPINAL CORD LEVELS: CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL (CONTINUED) 10.5 SPINAL CORD LEVELS: CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL (CONTINUED) 10.6 SPINAL CORD HISTOLOGICAL CROSS SECTIONS 10.7 SPINAL CORD HISTOLOGICAL CROSS SECTIONS (CONTINUED) 10.8 SPINAL CORD IMAGING 10.9 SPINAL CORD SYNDROMES 10.10 SYRINGOMYELIA 10.11 SPINAL CORD LOWER MOTOR NEURON ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL 10.12 SPINAL SOMATIC REFLEX PATHWAYS 10.13 MUSCLE AND JOINT RECEPTORS AND MUSCLE SPINDLES 10.14 THE MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEX AND ITS CENTRAL CONTROL VIA GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS 11 - Brainstem and Cerebellum BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY 11.1 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 1 11.2 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 2 11.3 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 3 11.4 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 4 11.5 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 5 11.6 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 6 11.7 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 7 11.8 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 8 11.9 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 9 11.10 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 10 11.11 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 11 11.12 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 12 11.13 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 13 11.14 BRAINSTEM CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY: SECTION 14 11.15 BRAINSTEM ARTERIAL SYNDROMES CRANIAL NERVES AND CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI 11.16 CRANIAL NERVES: SCHEMATIC OF DISTRIBUTION OF SENSORY, MOTOR, AND AUTONOMIC FIBERS 11.17 CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR NUCLEI: SCHEMATIC VIEW FROM ABOVE 11.18 CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR NUCLEI: SCHEMATIC LATERAL VIEW 11.19 NERVES OF THE ORBIT 11.20 NERVES OF THE ORBIT (CONTINUED) 11.21 EXTRAOCULAR NERVES (III, IV, AND VI) AND THE CILIARY GANGLION: VIEW IN RELATION TO THE EYE 11.22 TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) 11.22 TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) 11.23 INNERVATION OF THE TEETH 11.24 FACIAL NERVE (VII) 11.25 FACIAL NERVE BRANCHES AND THE PAROTID GLAND 11.26 FACIAL NERVE LESIONS AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS 11.27 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (VIII) 11.28 GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX) 11.29 ACCESSORY NERVE (XI) 11.30 VAGUS NERVE (X) 11.31 HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) RETICULAR FORMATION 11.32 RETICULAR FORMATION: GENERAL PATTERN OF NUCLEI IN THE BRAINSTEM 11.33 RETICULAR FORMATION: NUCLEI AND AREAS IN THE BRAINSTEM AND DIENCEPHALON 11.34 MAJOR AFFERENT AND EFFERENT CONNECTIONS TO THE RETICULAR FORMATION 11.35 SLEEP-WAKEFULNESS CONTROL CEREBELLUM 11.36 CEREBELLAR ORGANIZATION: LOBES AND REGIONS 11.37 CEREBELLAR ANATOMY: LOBULES 11.38 CEREBELLAR ANATOMY: DEEP NUCLEI AND CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES 12 - Diencephalon 12.1 THALAMIC ANATOMY AND INTERCONNECTIONS WITH THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 12.2 HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND 12.3 HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI 13 -Telencephalon 13.1A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 1—MID PONS 13.1B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 1—MID PONS (CONTINUED) 13.2A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 2—ROSTRAL PONS 13.2B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 2—ROSTRAL PONS (CONTINUED) 13.3A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 3—MIDBRAIN 13.3B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 3—MIDBRAIN (CONTINUED) 13.4A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 4—ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS 13.4B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 4—ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS (CONTINUED) 13.5A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 5—ANTERIOR COMMISSURE AND CAUDAL THALAMUS 13.5B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL5—ANTERIOR COMMISSURE AND CAUDAL THALAMUS (CONTINUED) 13.6A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 6—HEAD OF CAUDATE AND MIDTHALAMUS 13.6B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 6—HEAD OF CAUDATE AND MIDTHALAMUS (CONTINUED) 13.7A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 7—BASAL GANGLIA AND INTERNAL CAPSULE 13.7B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 7—BASAL GANGLIA AND INTERNAL CAPSULE (CONTINUED) 13.8A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 8—DORSAL CAUDATE, SPLENIUM, AND GENU OF CORPUS CALLOSUM 13.8B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 8—DORSAL CAUDATE, SPLENIUM, AND GENU OF CORPUS CALLOSUM (CONTINUE... 13.9A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 9—BODY OF CORPUS CALLOSUM 13.9B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 9—BODY OF CORPUS CALLOSUM (CONTINUED) 13.10A AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 10—CENTRUM SEMIOVALE 13.10B AXIAL (HORIZONTAL) SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 10—CENTRUM SEMIOVALE (CONTINUED) 13.11A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 1—GENU OF CORPUS CALLOSUM 13.11B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 1—GENU OF CORPUS CALLOSUM (CONTINUED) 13.12A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 2—HEAD OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS/NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS 13.12B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 2—HEAD OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS/NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (CONTINUED) 13.13A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 3—ANTERIOR COMMISSURE/COLUMNS OF FORNIX 13.B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 3—ANTERIOR COMMISSURE/COLUMNS OF FORNIX (CONTINUED) 13.14A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 4—AMYGDALA, ANTERIOR LIMB OF INTERNAL CAPSULE 13.14B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 4—AMYGDALA, ANTERIOR LIMB OF INTERNAL CAPSULE (CONTINUED) 13.15A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 5—MAMMILLARY BODY 13.15B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 5—MAMMILLARY BODY (CONTINUED) 13.16A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 6— MAMMILLOTHALAMIC TRACT/ SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, ROSTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS 13.16B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 6—MAMMILLOTHALAMIC TRACT/SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, ROSTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (CONTINUED) 13.17A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 7—MIDTHALAMUS 13.17B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 7—MIDTHALAMUS (CONTINUED) 13.18A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 8—GENICULATE NUCLEI 13.18B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 8—GENICULATE NUCLEI (CONTINUED) 13.19A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 9—CAUDAL PULVINAR AND SUPERIOR COLLICULUS 13.19B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 9—CAUDAL PULVINAR AND SUPERIOR COLLICULUS (CONTINUED) 13.20A CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 10—SPLENIUM OF CORPUS CALLOSUM 13.20B CORONAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FOREBRAIN: LEVEL 10—SPLENIUM OF CORPUS CALLOSUM (CONTINUED) 13.21 LAYERS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 13.22 CORTICAL NEURONAL CELL TYPES 13.23 VERTICAL COLUMNS: FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 13.24 EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 13.25 NEURONAL ORIGINS OF EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 13.26 CORTICAL ASSOCIATION PATHWAYS 13.27 MAJOR CORTICAL ASSOCIATION BUNDLES 13.28 COLOR IMAGING OF ASSOCIATION PATHWAYS 13.29 COLOR IMAGING OF PROJECTION PATHWAYS FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 13.30 FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 13.31 NORADRENERGIC PATHWAYS 13.32 SEROTONERGIC PATHWAYS 13.33 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS 13.34 CENTRAL CHOLINERGIC PATHWAYS 13.35 ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID SYSTEMS 13.36A ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEMS: BETA-ŁENDORPHIN, DYNORPHINS, AND MET-ENKEPHALIN 13.36B ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEMS: BETA-ŁENDORPHIN, DYNORPHINS, AND MET-ENKEPHALIN (CONTINUED) 13.37 THE OLFACTORY NERVE AND NERVES OF THE NOSE IIII - SYSTEMIC NEUROSCIENCE 14 - Sensory Systems SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS 14.1 SOMATOSENSORY AFFERENTS TO THE SPINAL CORD 14.2 SPINAL SOMATIC REFLEX ACTIONS AND PATHWAYS 14.3 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAYS 14.4 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: THE DORSAL COLUMN SYSTEM AND EPICRITIC MODALITIES 14.5 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: NEURONAL ORGANIZATION OF DORSAL COLUMN AND THALAMIC NUCLEI 14.6 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: THE SPINOTHALAMIC AND SPINORETICULAR SYSTEMS AND PROTOPATHIC MODALITIES 14.6 SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM: THE SPINOTHALAMIC AND SPINORETICULAR SYSTEMS AND PROTOPATHIC MODALITIES (CONTINUED) 14.7 SPINOTHALAMIC AND SPINORETICULAR NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING IN THE SPINAL CORD 14.8 MECHANISMS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SYMPATHETICALLY MAINTAINED PAIN 14.9 DESCENDING CONTROL OF ASCENDING SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS TRIGEMINAL SENSORY SYSTEM 14.10 TRIGEMINAL SENSORY AND ASSOCIATED SENSORY SYSTEMS 14.11 TRIGEMINAL SYSTEM PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL CONNECTIONS 14.12 PAIN-SENSITIVE STRUCTURES OF THE HEAD AND PAIN REFERRAL 14.13 MECHANISMS OF MIGRAINE HEADACHES SENSORY SYSTEM FOR TASTE 14.14 ANATOMY OF TASTE BUDS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 14.15 TASTE PATHWAYS AUDITORY SYSTEM 14.16 PERIPHERAL PATHWAYS FOR SOUND RECEPTION 14.17 BONY AND MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTHS 14.18 VIII NERVE INNERVATION OF HAIR CELLS OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI 14.19 COCHLEAR RECEPTORS 14.20 AFFERENT AUDITORY PATHWAYS 14.21 AFFERENT AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONTINUED) 14.22 CENTRIFUGAL (EFFERENT) AUDITORY PATHWAYS VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 14.23 VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS 14.24 VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS 14.25 NYSTAGMUS VISUAL SYSTEM 14.26 ANATOMY OF THE EYE 14.27 ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CHAMBERS OF THE EYE 14.28 THE RETINA: RETINAL LAYERS 14.29 THE RETINA: PHOTORECEPTORS 14.30 THE RETINA: OPTIC NERVE 14.31 ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE EYE 14.32 ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE OPTIC CHIASM 14.33 DAMAGE AFFECTING THE OPTIC CHIASM 14.34 VISUAL PATHWAYS: RETINAL PROJECTIONS TO THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND BRAINSTEM 14.35 PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX 14.36 VISUAL PATHWAY: THE RETINO-GENICULO-CALCARINE PATHWAY 14.37 VISUAL PATHWAYS IN THE PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES 14.38 VISUAL SYSTEM LESIONS 15 - Motor Systems Lower Motor Neurons 15.1 Alpha and Gamma Lower Motor Neurons 15.2 Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Spinal Cord 15.3 Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Brainstem Upper Motor Neurons 15.4 Cortical Efferent Pathways 15.5 Color Imaging of Cortical Efferent Pathways 15.6 Corticobulbar Tract 15.7 CORTICOSPINAL TRACT 15.7 Corticospinal Tract (CONTINUED) 15.8 Corticospinal Tract Terminations in the Spinal Cord 15.9 Rubrospinal Tract 15.10 Vestibulospinal Tracts 15.11 Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways 15.12 Tectospinal Tract and Interstitiospinal Tract 15.13 Spinal Cord Terminations of Major Descending Upper Motor Neuron Tracts 15.14 Central Control of Eye Movements 15.15 Central Control of Respiration 15.16 Neural Circuitry of Swallowing Cerebellum 15.17 Functional Subdivisions of the Cerebellum 15.18 Cerebellar Neuronal Circuitry 15.19 Circuit Diagrams of Afferent Connections in the Cerebellum 15.20 Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum 15.21 Cerebellar Efferent Pathways 15.22 Cerebellovestibular and Vestibulocerebellar Pathways 15.23 Schematic Diagrams of Efferent Pathways from the Cerebellum to Upper Motor Neuron Systems Basal Ganglia 15.24 Connections of the Basal Ganglia 15.25 Simplified Schematic of Basal Ganglia Circuitry and Neurochemistry 15.26 Surgical Approaches to Movement Disorders 15.27 Neurotransmitter Involvement in Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease 15.28 Parallel Loops of Circuitry through the Basal Ganglia 15.29 Connections of Nucleus Accumbens 16 - Autonomic-Hypothalamic-Limbic systems Autonomic Nervous System 16.1 General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System 16.1 General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System (CONTINUED) Hypothalamus and Pituitary 16.2 General Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 16.3 Sections through the Hypothalamus: Preoptic and Supraoptic Zones 16.4 Sections through the Hypothalamus: Tuberal Zone 16.5 Sections through the Hypothalamus: Mammillary Zone 16.6 Schematic Reconstruction of the Hypothalamus 16.7 Forebrain Regions Associated with the Hypothalamus 16.8 Afferent and Efferent Pathways Associated with the Hypothalamus 16.9 Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Afferent Pathways 16.10 Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Efferent Pathways 16.11 Summary of General Hypothalamic Connections 16.12 Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Regulation of Pituitary Neurohormonal Outflow, Autonomic Preganglionic Outflow... 16.13 Mechanisms of Cytokine Influences on the Hypothalamus and Other Brain Regions and on Behavior 16.14 Circumventricular Organs 16.15 Circumventricular Organs: Functional Considerations 16.16 The Hypophyseal Portal Vasculature 16.17 Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion 16.17 REGULATION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE SECRETION 16.18 Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophyseal) Hormones: Oxytocin and Vasopressin 16.19 Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) Regulation of Water Balance and Fluid Osmolality 16.20 The Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation 16.21 Hypothalamic Regulation of Cardiac Function 16.22 Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure 16.23 Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure 16.24 Neural Control of Appetite and Hunger 16.25 Signaling Systems Involved in Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolism 16.26 Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep and Waking States 16.27 Neural and Neuroendocrine Roles in the Fight- 16.28 Neuroimmunomodulation Limbic System 16.29 Anatomy of the Limbic Forebrain 16.30 Hippocampal Formation: General Anatomy 16.31 Neuronal Connections in the Hippocampal Formation 16.32 Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Hippocampal Formation 16.33 Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Entorhinal Cortex 16.34 Major Afferent Connections of the Amygdala 16.35 Major Efferent Connections of the Amygdala 16.36 Summary of Major Afferents, Efferents, and Interconnections of the Amygdala 16.37 Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Septal Nuclei 16.38 Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis 16.39 Major Connections of the Cingulate Cortex 16.40 Insular Cortex 16.41 Prefrontal Cortex Ventromedial (Orbitofrontal) Prefrontal Cortex Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex 16.42 Key Forebrain Regions Associated With Limbic and Cortical Reactivity and Their Functional Roles Olfactory System 16.43 Olfactory Receptors 16.44 Olfactory Pathways IV - GLOBAL BRAIN FUNCTIONS 17 - Global Brain Functions 17.1 DEMENTIA 17.1 DEMENTIA (CONTINUED) 17.2 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: DISTRIBUTION OF PATHOLOGY IN THE BRAIN 17.3 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: PATHOLOGY 17.4 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: SCHIZOPHRENIA 17.5 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND BIPOLAR DISORDER 17.6 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: PANIC AND ANXIETY DISORDERS 17.7 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS 17.8 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: OBSESSIVE- 17.9 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 17.10 APHASIAS AND CORTICAL AREAS OF DAMAGE 17.11 APHASIAS: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES AND CHARACTERISTIC LANGUAGE DYSFUNCTION 17.12 BRAIN SUBSTRATES OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 17.13 MEMORY CIRCUITS 17.14 CONSCIOUSNESS AND COMA ASSESSMENT 17.15 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF COMA 17.16 AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z