Fundamentals of Soil Behavior

Description

1 63027_fm-unlocked Front Matter Preface file://63027_pref.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_pref.pdf#page=2 Descriptions of Introductory Photographs to the Chapters file://63027_desc.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=12 63027_toc-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Preface file://63027_pref.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_pref.pdf#page=2 Descriptions of Introductory Photographs to the Chapters file://63027_desc.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction file://63027_01.pdf#page=1 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering file://63027_01.pdf#page=1 1.2 Scope and Organization file://63027_01.pdf#page=3 1.3 Getting Started file://63027_01.pdf#page=3 2. Soil Formation file://63027_02.pdf#page=1 2.1 Introduction file://63027_02.pdf#page=1 2.2 The Earth's Crust file://63027_02.pdf#page=1 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time file://63027_02.pdf#page=2 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability file://63027_02.pdf#page=3 2.5 Weathering file://63027_02.pdf#page=4 2.5.1 Physical Processes of Weathering file://63027_02.pdf#page=4 2.5.2 Chemical Processes of Weathering file://63027_02.pdf#page=5 2.5.3 Microbiological Effects file://63027_02.pdf#page=7 2.5.4 Weathering Products file://63027_02.pdf#page=8 2.5.5 Effects of Climate, Topography, Parent Material, Time, and Biotic Factors file://63027_02.pdf#page=9 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis file://63027_02.pdf#page=11 2.6.1 Kaolinite Minerals file://63027_02.pdf#page=11 2.6.2 Smectite Minerals file://63027_02.pdf#page=11 2.6.3 Illite (Hydrous Mica) and Vermiculite file://63027_02.pdf#page=11 2.6.4 Chlorite Minerals file://63027_02.pdf#page=12 2.6.5 Discussion file://63027_02.pdf#page=12 2.7 Soil Profiles and Their Development file://63027_02.pdf#page=12 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition file://63027_02.pdf#page=14 2.8.1 Erosion file://63027_02.pdf#page=14 2.8.2 Transportation file://63027_02.pdf#page=15 2.8.3 Deposition file://63027_02.pdf#page=17 2.8.4 Depositional Environment file://63027_02.pdf#page=19 2.9 Postdepositional Changes in Sediments file://63027_02.pdf#page=21 2.9.1 Desiccation file://63027_02.pdf#page=22 2.9.2 Weathering file://63027_02.pdf#page=22 2.9.3 Consolidation and Densification file://63027_02.pdf#page=24 2.9.4 Unloading file://63027_02.pdf#page=25 2.9.5 Authigenesis, Diagenesis, Cementation, and Recrystallization file://63027_02.pdf#page=25 2.9.6 Time Effects file://63027_02.pdf#page=25 2.9.7 Leaching, Ion Exchange, and Differential Solution file://63027_02.pdf#page=26 2.9.8 Jointing and Fissuring of Clay Soils file://63027_02.pdf#page=26 2.9.9 Biological Effects file://63027_02.pdf#page=26 2.9.10 Human Effects file://63027_02.pdf#page=27 2.10 Concluding Comments file://63027_02.pdf#page=28 Questions and Problems file://63027_02.pdf#page=29 3. Soil Mineralogy file://63027_03.pdf#page=1 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering file://63027_03.pdf#page=1 3.2 Atomic Structure file://63027_03.pdf#page=4 3.3 Interatomic Bonding file://63027_03.pdf#page=4 3.3.1 Primary Bonds file://63027_03.pdf#page=4 3.3.2 Bonding in Soil Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=5 3.4 Secondary Bonds file://63027_03.pdf#page=5 3.4.1 The Hydrogen Bond file://63027_03.pdf#page=5 3.4.2 van der Waals Bonds file://63027_03.pdf#page=6 3.5 Crystals and Their Properties file://63027_03.pdf#page=6 3.5.1 Crystal Formation file://63027_03.pdf#page=6 3.5.2 Characteristics of Crystals file://63027_03.pdf#page=6 3.6 Crystal Notation file://63027_03.pdf#page=8 3.7 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures file://63027_03.pdf#page=10 3.8 Silicate Crystals file://63027_03.pdf#page=11 3.9 Surfaces file://63027_03.pdf#page=11 3.10 Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles file://63027_03.pdf#page=14 3.11 Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes file://63027_03.pdf#page=15 3.12 Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics file://63027_03.pdf#page=15 3.13 Structural Units of the Layer Silicates file://63027_03.pdf#page=15 3.13.1 Silica Sheet file://63027_03.pdf#page=16 3.13.2 Silica Chains file://63027_03.pdf#page=17 3.13.3 Octahedral Sheet file://63027_03.pdf#page=17 3.14 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=18 3.14.1 Isomorphous Substitution file://63027_03.pdf#page=21 3.15 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=21 3.16 The 1:1 Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=22 3.16.1 Halloysite file://63027_03.pdf#page=23 3.16.2 Isomorphous Substitution and Exchange Capacity file://63027_03.pdf#page=24 3.16.3 Morphology and Surface Area file://63027_03.pdf#page=24 3.17 Smectite Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=25 3.17.1 Structure file://63027_03.pdf#page=25 3.17.2 Isomorphous Substitution in the Smectite Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=25 3.17.3 Morphology and Surface Area file://63027_03.pdf#page=26 3.17.4 Bentonite file://63027_03.pdf#page=27 3.18 Micalike Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=28 3.18.1 Structure file://63027_03.pdf#page=28 3.18.2 Isomorphous Substitution and Exchange Capacity file://63027_03.pdf#page=29 3.18.3 Morphology and Surface Area file://63027_03.pdf#page=30 3.19 Other Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=30 3.19.1 Chlorite Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=30 3.19.2 Chain Structure Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=30 3.19.3 Mixed-Layer Clays file://63027_03.pdf#page=31 3.19.4 Noncrystalline Clay Materials file://63027_03.pdf#page=31 3.20 Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics file://63027_03.pdf#page=31 3.21 Determination of Soil Composition file://63027_03.pdf#page=31 3.21.1 Introduction file://63027_03.pdf#page=31 3.21.2 Methods for Compositional Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=34 3.21.3 Accuracy of Compositional Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=34 3.21.4 General Scheme for Compositional Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=34 3.22 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=36 3.22.1 X-Rays and Their Generation file://63027_03.pdf#page=36 3.22.2 Diffraction of X-Rays file://63027_03.pdf#page=37 3.22.3 Detection of Diffracted X-Rays file://63027_03.pdf#page=38 3.22.4 Analysis of X-Ray Patterns file://63027_03.pdf#page=38 3.22.5 Criteria for Clay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=40 3.22.6 Criteria for Nonclay Minerals file://63027_03.pdf#page=40 3.22.7 Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction file://63027_03.pdf#page=40 3.23 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=40 3.23.1 Thermal Analysis file://63027_03.pdf#page=40 3.23.2 Optical Microscope file://63027_03.pdf#page=44 3.23.3 Electron Microscope file://63027_03.pdf#page=44 3.24 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components file://63027_03.pdf#page=45 3.25 Concluding Comments file://63027_03.pdf#page=46 Questions and Problems file://63027_03.pdf#page=47 4. Soil Composition and Engineering Properties file://63027_04.pdf#page=1 4.1 Introduction file://63027_04.pdf#page=1 4.2 Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships file://63027_04.pdf#page=3 4.3 Engineering Properties of Granular Soils file://63027_04.pdf#page=3 4.3.1 Particle Size and Distribution file://63027_04.pdf#page=3 4.3.2 Particle Shape file://63027_04.pdf#page=5 4.3.3 Particle Stiffness file://63027_04.pdf#page=7 4.3.4 Particle Strength file://63027_04.pdf#page=9 4.4 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase file://63027_04.pdf#page=12 4.5 Atterberg Limits file://63027_04.pdf#page=13 4.5.1 Liquid Limit file://63027_04.pdf#page=13 4.5.2 Plastic Limit file://63027_04.pdf#page=14 4.5.3 Liquidity Index file://63027_04.pdf#page=15 4.6 Activity file://63027_04.pdf#page=15 4.7 Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH file://63027_04.pdf#page=15 4.8 Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals file://63027_04.pdf#page=16 4.8.1 Atterberg Limits file://63027_04.pdf#page=17 4.8.2 Particle Size and Shape file://63027_04.pdf#page=17 4.8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity (Permeability) file://63027_04.pdf#page=18 4.8.4 Shear Strength file://63027_04.pdf#page=18 4.8.5 Compressibility file://63027_04.pdf#page=20 4.8.6 Swelling and Shrinkage file://63027_04.pdf#page=20 4.8.7 Time-Dependent Behavior file://63027_04.pdf#page=22 4.9 Effects of Organic Matter file://63027_04.pdf#page=22 4.10 Concluding Comments file://63027_04.pdf#page=23 Questions and Problems file://63027_04.pdf#page=24 5. Soil Fabric and Its Measurement file://63027_05.pdf#page=1 5.1 Introduction file://63027_05.pdf#page=1 5.2 Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements file://63027_05.pdf#page=2 5.2.1 Particle Associations in Clay Suspensions file://63027_05.pdf#page=2 5.2.2 Particle Associations in Soils file://63027_05.pdf#page=3 5.2.3 Fabric Scale file://63027_05.pdf#page=3 5.3 Single-Grain Fabrics file://63027_05.pdf#page=4 5.3.1 Direct Observation of Cohesionless Soil Fabric file://63027_05.pdf#page=5 5.3.2 Packing of Equal-Sized Spheres file://63027_05.pdf#page=5 5.3.3 Particle Packings in Granular Soils file://63027_05.pdf#page=7 5.4 Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity file://63027_05.pdf#page=11 5.5 Multigrain Fabrics file://63027_05.pdf#page=13 5.6 Voids and Their Distribution file://63027_05.pdf#page=14 5.7 Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis file://63027_05.pdf#page=15 5.7.1 Sample Preparation for Fabric Analysis file://63027_05.pdf#page=15 5.7.2 Preparation of Surfaces for Study file://63027_05.pdf#page=19 5.8 Methods for Fabric Study file://63027_05.pdf#page=19 5.8.1 Polarizing Microscope file://63027_05.pdf#page=19 5.8.2 Electron Microscope file://63027_05.pdf#page=22 5.8.3 Environmental SEM file://63027_05.pdf#page=24 5.8.4 Image Analysis file://63027_05.pdf#page=25 5.8.5 X-Ray Diffraction file://63027_05.pdf#page=25 5.8.6 Transmission X-Ray and Computed Tomography Scan file://63027_05.pdf#page=26 5.9 Pore Size Distribution Analysis file://63027_05.pdf#page=27 5.9.1 Volumetric Pore Size Distribution Determinations file://63027_05.pdf#page=27 5.9.2 Image Analysis file://63027_05.pdf#page=28 5.10 Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization file://63027_05.pdf#page=29 5.10.1 Elastic Wave Propagation file://63027_05.pdf#page=29 5.10.2 Dielectric Dispersion and Electrical Conductivity file://63027_05.pdf#page=30 5.10.3 Thermal Conductivity file://63027_05.pdf#page=32 5.10.4 Mechanical Properties file://63027_05.pdf#page=32 5.11 Concluding Comment file://63027_05.pdf#page=32 Questions and Problems file://63027_05.pdf#page=32 6. Soil-Water-Chemical Interactions file://63027_06.pdf#page=1 6.1 Introduction file://63027_06.pdf#page=1 6.2 Nature of Ice and Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=2 6.3 Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=3 6.4 Mechanisms for Soil-Water Interaction file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.2 Hydration of Exchangeable Cations file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.3 Attraction by Osmosis file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.4 Charged Surface-Dipole Attraction file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.5 Attraction by London Dispersion Forces file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.4.6 Capillary Condensation file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.5 Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=4 6.5.1 Density of Adsorbed Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=5 6.5.2 X-Ray Evidence of Adsorbed Water Structure file://63027_06.pdf#page=6 6.5.3 Diffusion, Viscosity, and Fluid Flow Properties file://63027_06.pdf#page=6 6.5.4 Dielectric and Magnetic Properties file://63027_06.pdf#page=7 6.5.5 Supercooling and Freezing of Adsorbed Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=7 6.5.6 Thermodynamics of Soil Water file://63027_06.pdf#page=8 6.5.7 Infrared and Neutron Diffraction Data file://63027_06.pdf#page=9 6.5.8 Quantification of Property Variations file://63027_06.pdf#page=9 6.5.9 Concluding Comments file://63027_06.pdf#page=10 6.6 Clay-Water-Electrolyte System file://63027_06.pdf#page=11 6.7 Ion Distributions in Clay-Water Systems file://63027_06.pdf#page=11 6.8 Elements of Double-Layer Theory file://63027_06.pdf#page=12 6.8.1 Single Diffuse Double Layer file://63027_06.pdf#page=14 6.8.2 Interacting Double Layers file://63027_06.pdf#page=15 6.9 Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer file://63027_06.pdf#page=15 6.9.1 Effects of Electrolyte Concentration file://63027_06.pdf#page=16 6.9.2 Effects of Cation Valence file://63027_06.pdf#page=16 6.9.3 Effects of Dielectric Constant file://63027_06.pdf#page=16 6.9.4 Effect of Temperature file://63027_06.pdf#page=17 6.10 Limitations of the Gouy-Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model file://63027_06.pdf#page=17 6.10.1 Ion Size and Type file://63027_06.pdf#page=17 6.10.2 Ion Redistributions file://63027_06.pdf#page=20 6.10.3 Clay Platelet Associations and Particle Interference file://63027_06.pdf#page=20 6.10.4 Effect of pH file://63027_06.pdf#page=21 6.10.5 Anion Adsorption file://63027_06.pdf#page=21 6.11 Energy and Force of Repulsion file://63027_06.pdf#page=21 6.12 Long-Range Attraction file://63027_06.pdf#page=22 6.13 Net Energy of Interaction file://63027_06.pdf#page=22 6.14 Cation Exchange - General Considerations file://63027_06.pdf#page=23 6.14.1 Common Ions in Soils file://63027_06.pdf#page=23 6.14.2 Sources of Exchange Capacity file://63027_06.pdf#page=24 6.14.3 Exchange Capacities of the Clay Minerals file://63027_06.pdf#page=24 6.14.4 Cation Replaceability file://63027_06.pdf#page=24 6.14.5 Rate of Exchange file://63027_06.pdf#page=24 6.14.6 Stability of Adsorbed Ion Complexes file://63027_06.pdf#page=24 6.15 Theories for Ion Exchange file://63027_06.pdf#page=25 6.16 Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions file://63027_06.pdf#page=25 6.17 Clay-Organic Chemical Interactions file://63027_06.pdf#page=26 6.18 Concluding Comments file://63027_06.pdf#page=27 Questions and Problems file://63027_06.pdf#page=27 7. Effective, Intergranular, and Total Stress file://63027_07.pdf#page=1 7.1 Introduction file://63027_07.pdf#page=1 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress file://63027_07.pdf#page=1 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System file://63027_07.pdf#page=2 7.4 Interparticle Forces file://63027_07.pdf#page=2 7.4.1 Interparticle Repulsive Forces file://63027_07.pdf#page=3 7.4.2 Interparticle Attractive Forces file://63027_07.pdf#page=3 7.5 Intergranular Pressure file://63027_07.pdf#page=6 7.6 Water Pressures and Potentials file://63027_07.pdf#page=8 7.7 Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil file://63027_07.pdf#page=9 7.8 Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils file://63027_07.pdf#page=11 7.9 Effective and Intergranular Pressure file://63027_07.pdf#page=12 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation file://63027_07.pdf#page=13 7.11 Water-Air Interactions in Soils file://63027_07.pdf#page=16 7.12 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils file://63027_07.pdf#page=18 7.13 Concluding Comments file://63027_07.pdf#page=21 Questions and Problems file://63027_07.pdf#page=21 8. Soil Deposits - Their Formation, Structure, Geotechnical Properties, and Stability file://63027_08.pdf#page=1 8.1 Introduction file://63027_08.pdf#page=1 8.2 Structure Development file://63027_08.pdf#page=1 8.2.1 Early Concepts file://63027_08.pdf#page=1 8.2.2 General Considerations in Structure Development file://63027_08.pdf#page=2 8.2.3 Residual Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=2 8.2.4 Alluvial Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=3 8.2.5 Aeolian Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=4 8.2.6 Glacial Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=4 8.2.7 Remolded and Compacted Soil Fabrics file://63027_08.pdf#page=4 8.2.8 Effects of Postformational Changes file://63027_08.pdf#page=4 8.3 Residual Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=6 8.3.1 Tropical Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=7 8.3.2 Saprolite file://63027_08.pdf#page=9 8.3.3 Decomposed Granite file://63027_08.pdf#page=9 8.3.4 Colluvial Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=10 8.3.5 Pyritic Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=10 8.4 Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy file://63027_08.pdf#page=11 8.5 Terrestrial Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=12 8.5.1 Aeolian Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=12 8.5.2 Glacial Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=12 8.5.3 Alluvial Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=14 8.5.4 Lacustrine and Paludal Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.6 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.6.1 Littoral Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.6.2 Estuarine Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.6.3 Deltaic Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.7 Marine Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=15 8.7.1 Neritic Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=16 8.7.2 Bathyal Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=16 8.7.3 Abyssal Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=18 8.8 Chemical and Biological Deposits file://63027_08.pdf#page=18 8.9 Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations file://63027_08.pdf#page=19 8.10 Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy file://63027_08.pdf#page=23 8.10.1 Sands and Silts file://63027_08.pdf#page=25 8.10.2 Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=28 8.11 Sand Fabric and Liquefaction file://63027_08.pdf#page=29 8.12 Sensitivity and Its Causes file://63027_08.pdf#page=32 8.12.1 Composition of Sensitive Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=33 8.12.2 Fabric of Sensitive Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=33 8.12.3 Causes of Sensitivity file://63027_08.pdf#page=33 8.12.4 Aging of Quick Clay Samples file://63027_08.pdf#page=38 8.12.5 Significance of Aging in Practice file://63027_08.pdf#page=39 8.12.6 Summary of Sensitivity-Causing Mechanisms file://63027_08.pdf#page=39 8.13 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=41 8.13.1 General Characteristics of Sensitive Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=41 8.13.2 Property, Effective Stress, and Water Content Relationships file://63027_08.pdf#page=42 8.13.3 Sensitivity-Effective Stress-Liquidity Index Relationship file://63027_08.pdf#page=43 8.14 Dispersive Clays file://63027_08.pdf#page=45 8.15 Slaking file://63027_08.pdf#page=49 8.16 Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils file://63027_08.pdf#page=49 8.17 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks file://63027_08.pdf#page=51 8.18 Concluding Comments file://63027_08.pdf#page=51 Questions and Problems file://63027_08.pdf#page=53 9. Conduction Phenomena file://63027_09.pdf#page=1 9.1 Introduction file://63027_09.pdf#page=1 9.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships file://63027_09.pdf#page=1 9.3 Hydraulic Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=2 9.3.1 Theoretical Equations for Hydraulic Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=2 9.3.2 Validity of Darcy's Law file://63027_09.pdf#page=6 9.3.3 Anisotropy file://63027_09.pdf#page=8 9.3.4 Fabric and Hydraulic Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=9 9.4 Flows through Unsaturated Soils file://63027_09.pdf#page=12 9.5 Thermal Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=15 9.6 Electrical Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=17 9.6.1 Nonconductive Particle Models file://63027_09.pdf#page=18 9.6.2 Conductive Particle Models file://63027_09.pdf#page=19 9.6.3 Alternating Current Conductivity and Dielectric Constant file://63027_09.pdf#page=20 9.7 Diffusion file://63027_09.pdf#page=22 9.8 Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters file://63027_09.pdf#page=24 9.9 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts through Soil-Coupled Flows file://63027_09.pdf#page=24 9.10 Quantification of Coupled Flows file://63027_09.pdf#page=27 9.10.1 Direct Observational Approach file://63027_09.pdf#page=27 9.10.2 General Theory for Coupled Flows file://63027_09.pdf#page=28 9.10.3 Application file://63027_09.pdf#page=29 9.11 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals file://63027_09.pdf#page=29 9.12 Electrokinetic Phenomena file://63027_09.pdf#page=32 9.12.1 Electroosmosis file://63027_09.pdf#page=32 9.12.2 Streaming Potential file://63027_09.pdf#page=33 9.12.3 Electrophoresis file://63027_09.pdf#page=33 9.12.4 Migration or Sedimentation Potential file://63027_09.pdf#page=33 9.13 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows file://63027_09.pdf#page=34 9.13.1 Coupling Influences on Hydraulic Flow file://63027_09.pdf#page=34 9.13.2 Coupling Influences on Electrical Flow file://63027_09.pdf#page=36 9.13.3 Coupling Influences on Chemical Flow file://63027_09.pdf#page=36 9.14 Compatibility - Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties file://63027_09.pdf#page=38 9.14.1 Chemical Compatibility and Hydraulic Conductivity file://63027_09.pdf#page=38 9.15 Electroosmosis file://63027_09.pdf#page=41 9.15.1 Helmholtz and Smoluchowski Theory file://63027_09.pdf#page=41 9.15.2 Schmid Theory file://63027_09.pdf#page=43 9.15.3 Spiegler Friction Model file://63027_09.pdf#page=43 9.15.4 Ion Hydration file://63027_09.pdf#page=44 9.16 Electroosmosis Efficiency file://63027_09.pdf#page=44 9.16.1 Saxen's Law Prediction of Electroosmosis from Streaming Potential file://63027_09.pdf#page=46 9.16.2 Energy Requirements file://63027_09.pdf#page=46 9.16.3 Relationship between k_e and k_i file://63027_09.pdf#page=48 9.17 Consolidation by Electroosmosis file://63027_09.pdf#page=48 9.17.1 Assumptions file://63027_09.pdf#page=48 9.17.2 Governing Equations file://63027_09.pdf#page=48 9.17.3 Amount of Consolidation file://63027_09.pdf#page=49 9.17.4 Rate of Consolidation file://63027_09.pdf#page=51 9.18 Electrochemical Effects file://63027_09.pdf#page=53 9.19 Electrokinetic Remediation file://63027_09.pdf#page=55 9.20 Self-Potentials file://63027_09.pdf#page=55 9.20.1 Generation of Self-Potentials in Soil Layers file://63027_09.pdf#page=55 9.20.2 Excess Pore Pressure Generation by Self-Potentials file://63027_09.pdf#page=56 9.20.3 Landslide Stabilization Using Short-Circuit Conductors file://63027_09.pdf#page=56 9.21 Thermally Driven Moisture Flow file://63027_09.pdf#page=57 9.22 Ground Freezing file://63027_09.pdf#page=60 9.22.1 Depth of Frost Penetration file://63027_09.pdf#page=60 9.22.2 Frost Heaving file://63027_09.pdf#page=64 9.22.3 Thaw Consolidation and Weakening file://63027_09.pdf#page=67 9.22.4 Ground Strengthening and Flow Barriers by Artificial Ground Freezing file://63027_09.pdf#page=68 9.23 Concluding Comments file://63027_09.pdf#page=69 Questions and Problems file://63027_09.pdf#page=70 10. Volume Change Behavior file://63027_10.pdf#page=1 10.1 Introduction file://63027_10.pdf#page=1 10.2 General Volume Change Behavior of Soils file://63027_10.pdf#page=1 10.3 Preconsolidation Pressure file://63027_10.pdf#page=3 10.4 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change file://63027_10.pdf#page=6 10.5 Physical Interactions in Volume Change file://63027_10.pdf#page=7 10.6 Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change file://63027_10.pdf#page=11 10.6.1 Shrinkage file://63027_10.pdf#page=12 10.6.2 Collapse file://63027_10.pdf#page=12 10.6.3 Compression file://63027_10.pdf#page=12 10.6.4 Swelling file://63027_10.pdf#page=14 10.7 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling file://63027_10.pdf#page=15 10.7.1 Applicability of Osmotic Pressure Concepts file://63027_10.pdf#page=18 10.7.2 Homoionic Cation Systems file://63027_10.pdf#page=18 10.7.3 Mixed-Cation Systems file://63027_10.pdf#page=19 10.7.4 Summary file://63027_10.pdf#page=20 10.7.5 Water Adsorption Theory of Swelling file://63027_10.pdf#page=20 10.8 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion file://63027_10.pdf#page=21 10.8.1 Crystal Lattice Configuration Effects file://63027_10.pdf#page=22 10.8.2 Hydroxy Interlayering file://63027_10.pdf#page=22 10.8.3 Salt Heave file://63027_10.pdf#page=22 10.8.4 Impact of Pyrite file://63027_10.pdf#page=22 10.8.5 Bacterially Generated Heave - Case History file://63027_10.pdf#page=23 10.8.6 Sulfate-Induced Swelling of Cement- and Lime-Stabilized Soils file://63027_10.pdf#page=23 10.9 Consolidation file://63027_10.pdf#page=24 10.9.1 Ranges of Compressibility and Consolidation Parameters file://63027_10.pdf#page=25 10.9.2 Shortcomings of Simple Theory for Predicting Volume Change and Settlements file://63027_10.pdf#page=25 10.9.3 Effects of Sample Disturbance file://63027_10.pdf#page=28 10.10 Secondary Compression file://63027_10.pdf#page=29 10.11 In Situ Horizontal Stress (K_0) file://63027_10.pdf#page=31 10.11.1 Development of Horizontal Stress file://63027_10.pdf#page=31 10.11.2 Effect of Lateral Yielding on the Coefficient of Earth Pressure file://63027_10.pdf#page=32 10.11.3 Anisotropy file://63027_10.pdf#page=34 10.11.4 Time Dependence of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest file://63027_10.pdf#page=34 10.12 Temperature-Volume Relationships file://63027_10.pdf#page=35 10.12.1 Theoretical Analysis file://63027_10.pdf#page=35 10.12.2 Volume Change Behavior file://63027_10.pdf#page=37 10.12.3 Pore Pressure Behavior file://63027_10.pdf#page=40 10.13 Concluding Comments file://63027_10.pdf#page=41 Questions and Problems file://63027_10.pdf#page=42 11. Strength and Deformation Behavior file://63027_11a.pdf#page=1 11.1 Introduction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=1 11.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation file://63027_11a.pdf#page=2 11.2.1 Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=2 11.2.2 Stress-Strain Behavior file://63027_11a.pdf#page=6 11.3 Fabric, Structure, and Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=11 11.3.1 Fabric Changes during Shear of Cohesionless Materials file://63027_11a.pdf#page=11 11.3.2 Compaction versus Overconsolidation of Sand file://63027_11a.pdf#page=12 11.3.3 Effect of Clay Structure on Deformations file://63027_11a.pdf#page=13 11.3.4 Structure, Effective Stresses, and Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=14 11.4 Friction between Solid Surfaces file://63027_11a.pdf#page=15 11.4.1 Basic ''Laws'' of Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=16 11.4.2 Surface Roughness file://63027_11a.pdf#page=18 11.4.3 Surface Adsorption file://63027_11a.pdf#page=18 11.4.4 Adhesion Theory of Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=19 11.4.5 Sliding Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5 Frictional Behavior of Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5.1 Nonclay Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5.2 Clay Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=23 11.6 Physical Interactions among Particles file://63027_11a.pdf#page=25 11.6.1 Strong Force Networks and Weak Clusters file://63027_11a.pdf#page=25 11.6.2 Buckling, Sliding, and Rolling file://63027_11a.pdf#page=26 11.6.3 Fabric Anisotropy file://63027_11a.pdf#page=28 11.6.4 Changes in Number of Contacts and Microscopic Voids file://63027_11a.pdf#page=29 11.6.5 Macroscopic Friction Angle versus Interparticle Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=30 11.6.6 Effects of Particle Shape and Angularity file://63027_11a.pdf#page=31 11.7 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition file://63027_11a.pdf#page=32 11.7.1 Clays file://63027_11a.pdf#page=32 11.7.2 Sands file://63027_11a.pdf#page=34 11.8 Strength Parameters for Sands file://63027_11a.pdf#page=36 11.8.1 Early Studies file://63027_11a.pdf#page=36 11.8.2 Critical State Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=38 11.8.3 Peak Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=38 11.8.4 Undrained Strengths file://63027_11a.pdf#page=40 11.9 Strength Parameters for Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=1 11.9.1 Friction Angles file://63027_11b.pdf#page=1 11.9.2 Failure Envelope for Overconsolidated Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=2 11.9.3 Undrained Shear Strength file://63027_11b.pdf#page=4 11.10 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization file://63027_11b.pdf#page=5 11.11 Residual State and Residual Strength file://63027_11b.pdf#page=7 11.11.1 Nonclay Minerals file://63027_11b.pdf#page=8 11.11.2 Influence of Increasing Clay Content file://63027_11b.pdf#page=10 11.11.3 Clay Minerals file://63027_11b.pdf#page=11 11.12 Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=12 11.12.1 Sands file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.2 Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.3 Failure Envelopes file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.4 Fabric Anisotropy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=14 11.13 Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction file://63027_11b.pdf#page=15 11.13.1 Drained Behavior file://63027_11b.pdf#page=15 11.13.2 Undrained Behavior file://63027_11b.pdf#page=16 11.13.3 Residual Strength after Liquefaction file://63027_11b.pdf#page=19 11.14 Strength of Mixed Soils file://63027_11b.pdf#page=22 11.15 Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=26 11.15.1 Possible Sources of True Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=27 11.15.2 Apparent Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.15.3 Summary file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.16 Fracturing of Soils file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.16.1 Fracture under Undrained Conditions file://63027_11b.pdf#page=29 11.16.2 Fracture under Drained Conditions file://63027_11b.pdf#page=31 11.16.3 Desiccation Cracks file://63027_11b.pdf#page=33 11.16.4 Fracture Propagation file://63027_11b.pdf#page=33 11.17 Deformation Characteristics file://63027_11b.pdf#page=34 11.18 Linear Elastic Stiffness file://63027_11b.pdf#page=37 11.19 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States file://63027_11b.pdf#page=42 11.19.1 Sands and Gravels file://63027_11b.pdf#page=43 11.19.2 Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=44 11.20 Plastic Deformation file://63027_11b.pdf#page=46 11.20.1 Yield Envelope and Hardening file://63027_11b.pdf#page=46 11.20.2 Magnitude of Plastic Strains and Stress-Dilatancy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=48 11.21 Temperature Effects file://63027_11b.pdf#page=50 11.22 Concluding Comments file://63027_11b.pdf#page=52 Questions and Problems file://63027_11b.pdf#page=52 12. Time Effects on Strength and Deformation file://63027_12.pdf#page=1 12.1 Introduction file://63027_12.pdf#page=1 12.2 General Characteristics file://63027_12.pdf#page=2 12.3 Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction file://63027_12.pdf#page=6 12.3.1 Time-Dependent Process of Particle Rearrangement file://63027_12.pdf#page=9 12.3.2 Particle Breakage during Creep file://63027_12.pdf#page=10 12.3.3 Aging - Time-Dependent Strengthening of Soil Structure file://63027_12.pdf#page=11 12.3.4 Time-Dependent Changes in Soil Fabric file://63027_12.pdf#page=11 12.3.5 Time-Dependent Changes in Physicochemical Interaction of Clay and Pore Fluid file://63027_12.pdf#page=12 12.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process file://63027_12.pdf#page=14 12.4.1 Concept of Activation file://63027_12.pdf#page=14 12.4.2 Activation Frequency file://63027_12.pdf#page=14 12.4.3 Strain Rate Equation file://63027_12.pdf#page=16 12.4.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process file://63027_12.pdf#page=17 12.4.5 Arrhenius Equation file://63027_12.pdf#page=17 12.5 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength file://63027_12.pdf#page=17 12.5.1 Deformation Parameters from Creep Test Data file://63027_12.pdf#page=17 12.5.2 Activation Energies for Soil Creep file://63027_12.pdf#page=18 12.5.3 Number of Interparticle Bonds file://63027_12.pdf#page=19 12.5.4 Significance of Activation Energy and Bond Number Values file://63027_12.pdf#page=19 12.5.5 Hypothesis for Bonding, Effective Stress, and Strength file://63027_12.pdf#page=23 12.6 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process file://63027_12.pdf#page=24 12.6.1 Strain Rate Effects file://63027_12.pdf#page=24 12.6.2 Effect of Temperature file://63027_12.pdf#page=25 12.7 Creep and Stress Relaxation file://63027_12.pdf#page=25 12.7.1 Effect of Composition file://63027_12.pdf#page=26 12.7.2 Volume Change and Pore Pressures file://63027_12.pdf#page=27 12.7.3 Effects of Temperature file://63027_12.pdf#page=29 12.7.4 Effects of Test Type, Stress System, and Stress Path file://63027_12.pdf#page=29 12.7.5 Interaction between Consolidation and Creep file://63027_12.pdf#page=29 12.8 Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships file://63027_12.pdf#page=33 12.8.1 Yield and Strength Envelopes of Clays file://63027_12.pdf#page=34 12.8.2 Excess Pore Pressure Generation in Normally Consolidated Clays file://63027_12.pdf#page=35 12.8.3 Overconsolidated Clays file://63027_12.pdf#page=35 12.8.4 Rate Effects on Sands file://63027_12.pdf#page=37 12.8.5 Stiffness at Small and Intermediate Strains file://63027_12.pdf#page=38 12.8.6 Rate Effects during Cyclic Loading file://63027_12.pdf#page=39 12.9 Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior file://63027_12.pdf#page=39 12.9.1 General Stress-Strain-Time Function file://63027_12.pdf#page=40 12.9.2 Constitutive Models file://63027_12.pdf#page=42 12.10 Creep Rupture file://63027_12.pdf#page=44 12.10.1 Causes of Strength Loss during Creep file://63027_12.pdf#page=44 12.10.2 Time to Failure file://63027_12.pdf#page=45 12.11 Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance file://63027_12.pdf#page=47 12.11.1 Increase in Shear Modulus with Time file://63027_12.pdf#page=49 12.11.2 Time-Dependent Behavior after Ground Improvement file://63027_12.pdf#page=50 12.11.3 Setup of Displacement Piles file://63027_12.pdf#page=52 12.12 Mechanical Processes of Aging file://63027_12.pdf#page=52 12.13 Chemical Processes of Aging file://63027_12.pdf#page=53 12.14 Concluding Comments file://63027_12.pdf#page=56 Questions and Problems file://63027_12.pdf#page=56 List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=13 63027_pref-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Preface References Descriptions of Introductory Photographs to the Chapters file://63027_desc.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_01-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 1. Introduction 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1.2 Scope and Organization 1.3 Getting Started List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_02-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 2. Soil Formation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Earth's Crust 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability 2.5 Weathering 2.5.1 Physical Processes of Weathering 2.5.2 Chemical Processes of Weathering 2.5.3 Microbiological Effects 2.5.4 Weathering Products 2.5.5 Effects of Climate, Topography, Parent Material, Time, and Biotic Factors 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis 2.6.1 Kaolinite Minerals 2.6.2 Smectite Minerals 2.6.3 Illite (Hydrous Mica) and Vermiculite 2.6.4 Chlorite Minerals 2.6.5 Discussion 2.7 Soil Profiles and Their Development 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition 2.8.1 Erosion 2.8.2 Transportation 2.8.3 Deposition 2.8.4 Depositional Environment 2.9 Postdepositional Changes in Sediments 2.9.1 Desiccation 2.9.2 Weathering 2.9.3 Consolidation and Densification 2.9.4 Unloading 2.9.5 Authigenesis, Diagenesis, Cementation, and Recrystallization 2.9.6 Time Effects 2.9.7 Leaching, Ion Exchange, and Differential Solution 2.9.8 Jointing and Fissuring of Clay Soils 2.9.9 Biological Effects 2.9.10 Human Effects 2.10 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_03-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 3. Soil Mineralogy 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering 3.2 Atomic Structure 3.3 Interatomic Bonding 3.3.1 Primary Bonds 3.3.2 Bonding in Soil Minerals 3.4 Secondary Bonds 3.4.1 The Hydrogen Bond 3.4.2 van der Waals Bonds 3.5 Crystals and Their Properties 3.5.1 Crystal Formation 3.5.2 Characteristics of Crystals 3.6 Crystal Notation 3.7 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures 3.8 Silicate Crystals 3.9 Surfaces 3.10 Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles 3.11 Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes 3.12 Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics 3.13 Structural Units of the Layer Silicates 3.13.1 Silica Sheet 3.13.2 Silica Chains 3.13.3 Octahedral Sheet 3.14 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals 3.14.1 Isomorphous Substitution 3.15 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals 3.16 The 1:1 Minerals 3.16.1 Halloysite 3.16.2 Isomorphous Substitution and Exchange Capacity 3.16.3 Morphology and Surface Area 3.17 Smectite Minerals 3.17.1 Structure 3.17.2 Isomorphous Substitution in the Smectite Minerals 3.17.3 Morphology and Surface Area 3.17.4 Bentonite 3.18 Micalike Clay Minerals 3.18.1 Structure 3.18.2 Isomorphous Substitution and Exchange Capacity 3.18.3 Morphology and Surface Area 3.19 Other Clay Minerals 3.19.1 Chlorite Minerals 3.19.2 Chain Structure Clay Minerals 3.19.3 Mixed-Layer Clays 3.19.4 Noncrystalline Clay Materials 3.20 Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics 3.21 Determination of Soil Composition 3.21.1 Introduction 3.21.2 Methods for Compositional Analysis 3.21.3 Accuracy of Compositional Analysis 3.21.4 General Scheme for Compositional Analysis 3.22 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 3.22.1 X-Rays and Their Generation 3.22.2 Diffraction of X-Rays 3.22.3 Detection of Diffracted X-Rays 3.22.4 Analysis of X-Ray Patterns 3.22.5 Criteria for Clay Minerals 3.22.6 Criteria for Nonclay Minerals 3.22.7 Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction 3.23 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis 3.23.1 Thermal Analysis 3.23.2 Optical Microscope 3.23.3 Electron Microscope 3.24 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components 3.25 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_04-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 4. Soil Composition and Engineering Properties 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships 4.3 Engineering Properties of Granular Soils 4.3.1 Particle Size and Distribution 4.3.2 Particle Shape 4.3.3 Particle Stiffness 4.3.4 Particle Strength 4.4 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase 4.5 Atterberg Limits 4.5.1 Liquid Limit 4.5.2 Plastic Limit 4.5.3 Liquidity Index 4.6 Activity 4.7 Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH 4.8 Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals 4.8.1 Atterberg Limits 4.8.2 Particle Size and Shape 4.8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity (Permeability) 4.8.4 Shear Strength 4.8.5 Compressibility 4.8.6 Swelling and Shrinkage 4.8.7 Time-Dependent Behavior 4.9 Effects of Organic Matter 4.10 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_05-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 5. Soil Fabric and Its Measurement 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements 5.2.1 Particle Associations in Clay Suspensions 5.2.2 Particle Associations in Soils 5.2.3 Fabric Scale 5.3 Single-Grain Fabrics 5.3.1 Direct Observation of Cohesionless Soil Fabric 5.3.2 Packing of Equal-Sized Spheres 5.3.3 Particle Packings in Granular Soils 5.4 Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity 5.5 Multigrain Fabrics 5.6 Voids and Their Distribution 5.7 Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis 5.7.1 Sample Preparation for Fabric Analysis 5.7.2 Preparation of Surfaces for Study 5.8 Methods for Fabric Study 5.8.1 Polarizing Microscope 5.8.2 Electron Microscope 5.8.3 Environmental SEM 5.8.4 Image Analysis 5.8.5 X-Ray Diffraction 5.8.6 Transmission X-Ray and Computed Tomography Scan 5.9 Pore Size Distribution Analysis 5.9.1 Volumetric Pore Size Distribution Determinations 5.9.2 Image Analysis 5.10 Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization 5.10.1 Elastic Wave Propagation 5.10.2 Dielectric Dispersion and Electrical Conductivity 5.10.3 Thermal Conductivity 5.10.4 Mechanical Properties 5.11 Concluding Comment Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_07-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 7. Effective, Intergranular, and Total Stress 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System 7.4 Interparticle Forces 7.4.1 Interparticle Repulsive Forces 7.4.2 Interparticle Attractive Forces 7.5 Intergranular Pressure 7.6 Water Pressures and Potentials 7.7 Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil 7.8 Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils 7.9 Effective and Intergranular Pressure 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation 7.11 Water-Air Interactions in Soils 7.12 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils 7.13 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_08-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 8. Soil Deposits - Their Formation, Structure, Geotechnical Properties, and Stability 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Structure Development 8.2.1 Early Concepts 8.2.2 General Considerations in Structure Development 8.2.3 Residual Soils 8.2.4 Alluvial Soils 8.2.5 Aeolian Soils 8.2.6 Glacial Deposits 8.2.7 Remolded and Compacted Soil Fabrics 8.2.8 Effects of Postformational Changes 8.3 Residual Soils 8.3.1 Tropical Soils 8.3.2 Saprolite 8.3.3 Decomposed Granite 8.3.4 Colluvial Soils 8.3.5 Pyritic Soils 8.4 Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy 8.5 Terrestrial Deposits 8.5.1 Aeolian Deposits 8.5.2 Glacial Deposits 8.5.3 Alluvial Deposits 8.5.4 Lacustrine and Paludal Deposits 8.6 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits 8.6.1 Littoral Deposits 8.6.2 Estuarine Deposits 8.6.3 Deltaic Deposits 8.7 Marine Deposits 8.7.1 Neritic Deposits 8.7.2 Bathyal Deposits 8.7.3 Abyssal Deposits 8.8 Chemical and Biological Deposits 8.9 Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations 8.10 Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy 8.10.1 Sands and Silts 8.10.2 Clays 8.11 Sand Fabric and Liquefaction 8.12 Sensitivity and Its Causes 8.12.1 Composition of Sensitive Clays 8.12.2 Fabric of Sensitive Clays 8.12.3 Causes of Sensitivity 8.12.4 Aging of Quick Clay Samples 8.12.5 Significance of Aging in Practice 8.12.6 Summary of Sensitivity-Causing Mechanisms 8.13 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays 8.13.1 General Characteristics of Sensitive Clays 8.13.2 Property, Effective Stress, and Water Content Relationships 8.13.3 Sensitivity-Effective Stress-Liquidity Index Relationship 8.14 Dispersive Clays 8.15 Slaking 8.16 Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils 8.17 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks 8.18 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_09-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 9. Conduction Phenomena 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships 9.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 9.3.1 Theoretical Equations for Hydraulic Conductivity 9.3.2 Validity of Darcy's Law 9.3.3 Anisotropy 9.3.4 Fabric and Hydraulic Conductivity 9.4 Flows through Unsaturated Soils 9.5 Thermal Conductivity 9.6 Electrical Conductivity 9.6.1 Nonconductive Particle Models 9.6.2 Conductive Particle Models 9.6.3 Alternating Current Conductivity and Dielectric Constant 9.7 Diffusion 9.8 Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters 9.9 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts through Soil-Coupled Flows 9.10 Quantification of Coupled Flows 9.10.1 Direct Observational Approach 9.10.2 General Theory for Coupled Flows 9.10.3 Application 9.11 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals 9.12 Electrokinetic Phenomena 9.12.1 Electroosmosis 9.12.2 Streaming Potential 9.12.3 Electrophoresis 9.12.4 Migration or Sedimentation Potential 9.13 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows 9.13.1 Coupling Influences on Hydraulic Flow 9.13.2 Coupling Influences on Electrical Flow 9.13.3 Coupling Influences on Chemical Flow 9.14 Compatibility - Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties 9.14.1 Chemical Compatibility and Hydraulic Conductivity 9.15 Electroosmosis 9.15.1 Helmholtz and Smoluchowski Theory 9.15.2 Schmid Theory 9.15.3 Spiegler Friction Model 9.15.4 Ion Hydration 9.16 Electroosmosis Efficiency 9.16.1 Saxen's Law Prediction of Electroosmosis from Streaming Potential 9.16.2 Energy Requirements 9.16.3 Relationship between k_e and k_i 9.17 Consolidation by Electroosmosis 9.17.1 Assumptions 9.17.2 Governing Equations 9.17.3 Amount of Consolidation 9.17.4 Rate of Consolidation 9.18 Electrochemical Effects 9.19 Electrokinetic Remediation 9.20 Self-Potentials 9.20.1 Generation of Self-Potentials in Soil Layers 9.20.2 Excess Pore Pressure Generation by Self-Potentials 9.20.3 Landslide Stabilization Using Short-Circuit Conductors 9.21 Thermally Driven Moisture Flow 9.22 Ground Freezing 9.22.1 Depth of Frost Penetration 9.22.2 Frost Heaving 9.22.3 Thaw Consolidation and Weakening 9.22.4 Ground Strengthening and Flow Barriers by Artificial Ground Freezing 9.23 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_10-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 10. Volume Change Behavior 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General Volume Change Behavior of Soils 10.3 Preconsolidation Pressure 10.4 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change 10.5 Physical Interactions in Volume Change 10.6 Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change 10.6.1 Shrinkage 10.6.2 Collapse 10.6.3 Compression 10.6.4 Swelling 10.7 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling 10.7.1 Applicability of Osmotic Pressure Concepts 10.7.2 Homoionic Cation Systems 10.7.3 Mixed-Cation Systems 10.7.4 Summary 10.7.5 Water Adsorption Theory of Swelling 10.8 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion 10.8.1 Crystal Lattice Configuration Effects 10.8.2 Hydroxy Interlayering 10.8.3 Salt Heave 10.8.4 Impact of Pyrite 10.8.5 Bacterially Generated Heave - Case History 10.8.6 Sulfate-Induced Swelling of Cement- and Lime-Stabilized Soils 10.9 Consolidation 10.9.1 Ranges of Compressibility and Consolidation Parameters 10.9.2 Shortcomings of Simple Theory for Predicting Volume Change and Settlements 10.9.3 Effects of Sample Disturbance 10.10 Secondary Compression 10.11 In Situ Horizontal Stress (K_0) 10.11.1 Development of Horizontal Stress 10.11.2 Effect of Lateral Yielding on the Coefficient of Earth Pressure 10.11.3 Anisotropy 10.11.4 Time Dependence of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 10.12 Temperature-Volume Relationships 10.12.1 Theoretical Analysis 10.12.2 Volume Change Behavior 10.12.3 Pore Pressure Behavior 10.13 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_11a-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 11. Strength and Deformation Behavior 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation 11.2.1 Strength 11.2.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 11.3 Fabric, Structure, and Strength 11.3.1 Fabric Changes during Shear of Cohesionless Materials 11.3.2 Compaction versus Overconsolidation of Sand 11.3.3 Effect of Clay Structure on Deformations 11.3.4 Structure, Effective Stresses, and Strength 11.4 Friction between Solid Surfaces 11.4.1 Basic ''Laws'' of Friction 11.4.2 Surface Roughness 11.4.3 Surface Adsorption 11.4.4 Adhesion Theory of Friction 11.4.5 Sliding Friction 11.5 Frictional Behavior of Minerals 11.5.1 Nonclay Minerals 11.5.2 Clay Minerals 11.6 Physical Interactions among Particles 11.6.1 Strong Force Networks and Weak Clusters 11.6.2 Buckling, Sliding, and Rolling 11.6.3 Fabric Anisotropy 11.6.4 Changes in Number of Contacts and Microscopic Voids 11.6.5 Macroscopic Friction Angle versus Interparticle Friction Angle 11.6.6 Effects of Particle Shape and Angularity 11.7 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition 11.7.1 Clays 11.7.2 Sands 11.8 Strength Parameters for Sands 11.8.1 Early Studies 11.8.2 Critical State Friction Angle 11.8.3 Peak Friction Angle 11.8.4 Undrained Strengths 11.9 Strength Parameters for Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=1 11.9.1 Friction Angles file://63027_11b.pdf#page=1 11.9.2 Failure Envelope for Overconsolidated Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=2 11.9.3 Undrained Shear Strength file://63027_11b.pdf#page=4 11.10 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization file://63027_11b.pdf#page=5 11.11 Residual State and Residual Strength file://63027_11b.pdf#page=7 11.11.1 Nonclay Minerals file://63027_11b.pdf#page=8 11.11.2 Influence of Increasing Clay Content file://63027_11b.pdf#page=10 11.11.3 Clay Minerals file://63027_11b.pdf#page=11 11.12 Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=12 11.12.1 Sands file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.2 Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.3 Failure Envelopes file://63027_11b.pdf#page=13 11.12.4 Fabric Anisotropy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=14 11.13 Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction file://63027_11b.pdf#page=15 11.13.1 Drained Behavior file://63027_11b.pdf#page=15 11.13.2 Undrained Behavior file://63027_11b.pdf#page=16 11.13.3 Residual Strength after Liquefaction file://63027_11b.pdf#page=19 11.14 Strength of Mixed Soils file://63027_11b.pdf#page=22 11.15 Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=26 11.15.1 Possible Sources of True Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=27 11.15.2 Apparent Cohesion file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.15.3 Summary file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.16 Fracturing of Soils file://63027_11b.pdf#page=28 11.16.1 Fracture under Undrained Conditions file://63027_11b.pdf#page=29 11.16.2 Fracture under Drained Conditions file://63027_11b.pdf#page=31 11.16.3 Desiccation Cracks file://63027_11b.pdf#page=33 11.16.4 Fracture Propagation file://63027_11b.pdf#page=33 11.17 Deformation Characteristics file://63027_11b.pdf#page=34 11.18 Linear Elastic Stiffness file://63027_11b.pdf#page=37 11.19 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States file://63027_11b.pdf#page=42 11.19.1 Sands and Gravels file://63027_11b.pdf#page=43 11.19.2 Clays file://63027_11b.pdf#page=44 11.20 Plastic Deformation file://63027_11b.pdf#page=46 11.20.1 Yield Envelope and Hardening file://63027_11b.pdf#page=46 11.20.2 Magnitude of Plastic Strains and Stress-Dilatancy file://63027_11b.pdf#page=48 11.21 Temperature Effects file://63027_11b.pdf#page=50 11.22 Concluding Comments file://63027_11b.pdf#page=52 Questions and Problems file://63027_11b.pdf#page=52 List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_11b-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 11. Strength and Deformation Behavior file://63027_11a.pdf#page=1 11.1 Introduction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=1 11.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation file://63027_11a.pdf#page=2 11.2.1 Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=2 11.2.2 Stress-Strain Behavior file://63027_11a.pdf#page=6 11.3 Fabric, Structure, and Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=11 11.3.1 Fabric Changes during Shear of Cohesionless Materials file://63027_11a.pdf#page=11 11.3.2 Compaction versus Overconsolidation of Sand file://63027_11a.pdf#page=12 11.3.3 Effect of Clay Structure on Deformations file://63027_11a.pdf#page=13 11.3.4 Structure, Effective Stresses, and Strength file://63027_11a.pdf#page=14 11.4 Friction between Solid Surfaces file://63027_11a.pdf#page=15 11.4.1 Basic ''Laws'' of Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=16 11.4.2 Surface Roughness file://63027_11a.pdf#page=18 11.4.3 Surface Adsorption file://63027_11a.pdf#page=18 11.4.4 Adhesion Theory of Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=19 11.4.5 Sliding Friction file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5 Frictional Behavior of Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5.1 Nonclay Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=21 11.5.2 Clay Minerals file://63027_11a.pdf#page=23 11.6 Physical Interactions among Particles file://63027_11a.pdf#page=25 11.6.1 Strong Force Networks and Weak Clusters file://63027_11a.pdf#page=25 11.6.2 Buckling, Sliding, and Rolling file://63027_11a.pdf#page=26 11.6.3 Fabric Anisotropy file://63027_11a.pdf#page=28 11.6.4 Changes in Number of Contacts and Microscopic Voids file://63027_11a.pdf#page=29 11.6.5 Macroscopic Friction Angle versus Interparticle Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=30 11.6.6 Effects of Particle Shape and Angularity file://63027_11a.pdf#page=31 11.7 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition file://63027_11a.pdf#page=32 11.7.1 Clays file://63027_11a.pdf#page=32 11.7.2 Sands file://63027_11a.pdf#page=34 11.8 Strength Parameters for Sands file://63027_11a.pdf#page=36 11.8.1 Early Studies file://63027_11a.pdf#page=36 11.8.2 Critical State Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=38 11.8.3 Peak Friction Angle file://63027_11a.pdf#page=38 11.8.4 Undrained Strengths file://63027_11a.pdf#page=40 11.9 Strength Parameters for Clays 11.9.1 Friction Angles 11.9.2 Failure Envelope for Overconsolidated Clays 11.9.3 Undrained Shear Strength 11.10 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization 11.11 Residual State and Residual Strength 11.11.1 Nonclay Minerals 11.11.2 Influence of Increasing Clay Content 11.11.3 Clay Minerals 11.12 Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy 11.12.1 Sands 11.12.2 Clays 11.12.3 Failure Envelopes 11.12.4 Fabric Anisotropy 11.13 Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction 11.13.1 Drained Behavior 11.13.2 Undrained Behavior 11.13.3 Residual Strength after Liquefaction 11.14 Strength of Mixed Soils 11.15 Cohesion 11.15.1 Possible Sources of True Cohesion 11.15.2 Apparent Cohesion 11.15.3 Summary 11.16 Fracturing of Soils 11.16.1 Fracture under Undrained Conditions 11.16.2 Fracture under Drained Conditions 11.16.3 Desiccation Cracks 11.16.4 Fracture Propagation 11.17 Deformation Characteristics 11.18 Linear Elastic Stiffness 11.19 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States 11.19.1 Sands and Gravels 11.19.2 Clays 11.20 Plastic Deformation 11.20.1 Yield Envelope and Hardening 11.20.2 Magnitude of Plastic Strains and Stress-Dilatancy 11.21 Temperature Effects 11.22 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=163027_12-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 12. Time Effects on Strength and Deformation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 General Characteristics 12.3 Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction 12.3.1 Time-Dependent Process of Particle Rearrangement 12.3.2 Particle Breakage during Creep 12.3.3 Aging - Time-Dependent Strengthening of Soil Structure 12.3.4 Time-Dependent Changes in Soil Fabric 12.3.5 Time-Dependent Changes in Physicochemical Interaction of Clay and Pore Fluid 12.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process 12.4.1 Concept of Activation 12.4.2 Activation Frequency 12.4.3 Strain Rate Equation 12.4.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process 12.4.5 Arrhenius Equation 12.5 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength 12.5.1 Deformation Parameters from Creep Test Data 12.5.2 Activation Energies for Soil Creep 12.5.3 Number of Interparticle Bonds 12.5.4 Significance of Activation Energy and Bond Number Values 12.5.5 Hypothesis for Bonding, Effective Stress, and Strength 12.6 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process 12.6.1 Strain Rate Effects 12.6.2 Effect of Temperature 12.7 Creep and Stress Relaxation 12.7.1 Effect of Composition 12.7.2 Volume Change and Pore Pressures 12.7.3 Effects of Temperature 12.7.4 Effects of Test Type, Stress System, and Stress Path 12.7.5 Interaction between Consolidation and Creep 12.8 Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships 12.8.1 Yield and Strength Envelopes of Clays 12.8.2 Excess Pore Pressure Generation in Normally Consolidated Clays 12.8.3 Overconsolidated Clays 12.8.4 Rate Effects on Sands 12.8.5 Stiffness at Small and Intermediate Strains 12.8.6 Rate Effects during Cyclic Loading 12.9 Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior 12.9.1 General Stress-Strain-Time Function 12.9.2 Constitutive Models 12.10 Creep Rupture 12.10.1 Causes of Strength Loss during Creep 12.10.2 Time to Failure 12.11 Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance 12.11.1 Increase in Shear Modulus with Time 12.11.2 Time-Dependent Behavior after Ground Improvement 12.11.3 Setup of Displacement Piles 12.12 Mechanical Processes of Aging 12.13 Chemical Processes of Aging 12.14 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=164027_symb-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 List of Symbols References file://63027_ref.pdf#page=1 Index file://63027_indx.pdf#page=165027_ref-unlocked Front Matter file://63027_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents file://63027_toc.pdf#page=1 List of Symbols file://63027_symb.pdf#page=1 References