Nutrition Through the Life Cycle

Description

Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 01: Nutrition Basics Introduction 1.1 Principles of the Science of Nutrition Essential and Nonessential Nutrients Dietary Intake Standards Standards of Nutrient Intake for Nutrition Labels Carbohydrates Protein Fats (Lipids) Vitamins Phytochemicals Minerals Water Nutrient Functions at the Cellular Level 1.2 Nutrition Labeling Nutrition Facts Panel Ingredient Label Dietary Supplement Labeling Herbal Remedies 1.3 The Life-Course Approach to Nutrition and Health Meeting Nutritional Needs Across the Life Cycle Dietary Considerations Based on Ethnicity Dietary Considerations Based on Religion 1.4 Nutrition Assessment Community-Level Assessment Individual-Level Nutrition Assessment Clinical/Physical Assessment Dietary Assessment Anthropometric Assessment Biochemical Assessment Monitoring the Nation’s Nutritional Health 1.5 Public Food and Nutrition Programs WIC Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health 1.6 Nutrition and Health Guidelines for Americans Dietary Guidelines for Americans ChooseMyPlate.gov USDA’s Food Groups Chapter 02: Preconception Nutrition Introduction 2.1 Preconception Overview 2020 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation Related to Preconception 2.2 Reproductive Physiology Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System 2.3 Nutrition and Fertility Undernutrition and Fertility Body Fat and Fertility Case Study 2.1 Cyclic Infertility with Weight Loss and Gain Nutrient Status and Fertility 2.4 Nutrition During the Periconceptional Period Periconceptional Folate Status Periconceptional Iron Status 2.5 Recommended Dietary Intake and Healthy Dietary Patterns for Preconceptional Women 2.6 Influence of Contraceptives on Preconceptional Nutrition Status Nutritional Side Effects of Hormonal Contraception 2.7 Model Preconceptional Health and Nutrition Programs Preconceptional Benefits of WIC Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in Indonesia Preconception Care: Preparing for Pregnancy 2.8 The Nutrition Care Process The Nutrition Care Process Related to the Preconception Period Nutrition Care Process (NCP)Case Study 2.2 Male Infertility Chapter 03: Preconception Nutrition Conditions and Interventions Introduction 3.1 Weight Status and Fertility Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Fertility Case Study 3.1 Anna Marie’s Tale 3.2 Underweight and Fertility Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Fertility Women, Exercise, and Fertility 3.3 Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy Nutritional Management of Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy 3.4 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Fertility Nutritional Management of PCOS 3.5 Phenylketonuria (PKU) Maternal PKU Nutritional Management of PKU 3.6 Celiac Disease Case Study 3.2 Celiac Disease Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease 3.7 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment of PMS Chapter 04: Nutrition During Pregnancy Introduction 4.1 The Status of Pregnancy Outcomes Infant Mortality Low Birthweight, Preterm Delivery, and Infant Mortality Reducing Infant Mortality and Morbidity 4.2 Physiology of Pregnancy Maternal Physiology Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy The Placenta 4.3 Embryonic and Fetal Growth and Development Critical Periods of Growth and Development Fetal Body Composition Nutrition, Miscarriage, and Preterm Delivery Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 4.4 Pregnancy Weight Gain Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations 4.5 Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy Famine and Pregnancy Outcome 4.6 Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy The Need for Energy The Need for Protein The Need for Fat The Need for Vitamins and Minerals During Pregnancy Calcium Bioactive Components of Food The need for Water 4.7 Factors Affecting Dietary Intake During Pregnancy Effect of Taste and Smell Changes on Dietary Intake During Pregnancy Cultural Considerations 4.8 Healthy Dietary Patterns for Pregnancy Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy Dietary Supplements During Pregnancy Case Study 4.1 Vegan Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy 4.9 Food Safety During Pregnancy 4.10 Assessment of Nutritional Status During Pregnancy Dietary Assessment During Pregnancy Nutrition Biomarker Assessment 4.11 Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome 4.12 Common Health Problems During Pregnancy Nausea and Vomiting Heartburn Constipation 4.13 Model Nutrition Programs for Risk Reduction in Pregnancy Fit Moms/Mamás Activas The WIC Program Chapter 05: Nutrition During Pregnancy Conditions and Interventions Introduction 5.1 Obesity and Pregnancy Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Obesity During Pregnancy 5.2 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, Oxidative Stress, and Nutrition Chronic Hypertension Gestational Hypertension Preeclampsia Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Preeclampsia Case Study 5.1 A Case of Preeclampsia 5.3 Diabetes in Pregnancy Gestational Diabetes Case Study 5.2 Elizabeth’s Story: Gestational Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy Nutritional Management of Type 1Diabetes in Pregnancy 5.4 Multifetal Pregnancies Background Information about Multiple Fetuses Risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy Nutritional Recommendations for Women with Multifetal Pregnancy Case Study 5.3 Twin Pregnancy and the Nutrition Care Process 5.5 Eating Disorders in Pregnancy Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders During Pregnancy Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders During Pregnancy 5.6 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 5.7 Nutrition and Adolescent Pregnancy Obesity, Excess Weight Gain, and Adolescent Pregnancy Nutritional Recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents Evidence-Based Practice Chapter 06: Nutrition During Lactation Introduction 6.1 Lactation Physiology Functional Units of the Mammary Gland Mammary Gland Development Lactogenesis Hormonal Control of Lactation Secretion of Milk The Letdown Reflex 6.2 Human Milk Composition Colostrum Water Energy Lipids Protein Milk Carbohydrates Fat-Soluble Vitamins Water-Soluble Vitamins Minerals in Human Milk Taste of Human Milk 6.3 Benefits of Breastfeeding Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants Benefits 6.4 Breast Milk Supply and Demand Establishing a Good Milk Supply in the First Month Can Women Make Enough Milk? Does the Size of the Breast Limit a Woman’s Ability to Nurse Her Infant? Is Feeding Frequency Related to The Amount of Milk a Woman Can Make? Can Women Pump or Express Enough Milk? Can Women Breastfeed after Breast Reduction or Augmentation Surgery? 6.5 The Breastfeeding Process Preparing the Breast for Breastfeeding Breastfeeding Positioning Presenting the Breast to the Suckling Infant 6.6 The Breastfeeding Infant Infant Reflexes Mechanics of Breastfeeding Identifying Hunger and Satiety Feeding Frequency Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition Case Study 6.1 Breastfeeding and Adequate Nourishment Tooth Decay Vitamin Supplements for Breastfeeding Infants 6.7 Maternal Diet Nutrition Assessment of Breastfeeding Women Energy and Nutrient Needs Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition Weight Loss During Breastfeeding Exercise and Breastfeeding Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Vitamin and Mineral Intakes Functional Foods Fluids Vegetarian Diets Infant Colic 6.8 Public Food and Nutrition Programs 6.9 Optimal Duration, Influential Factors, and U.S. Goals for Breastfeeding Optimal Breastfeeding Duration Breastfeeding Goals for the United States The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding Breastfeeding Rates in the United States 6.10 Breastfeeding Promotion, Facilitation, and Support Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and Support Breastfeeding Support for Individuals Role of the Health Care System in Supporting Breastfeeding Lactation Support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers Model U.S. Baby-Friendly Hospital Programs Lactation Support after Discharge The Workplace The Business Case for Breastfeeding The Community Public Health Support of Breastfeeding 6.11 Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project—Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work Texas 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding Chapter 07: Nutrition During Lactation Conditions and Interventions Introduction 7.1 Common Breastfeeding Conditions Sore Nipples Flat or Inverted Nipples Letdown Failure Hyperactive Letdown Hyperlactation Engorgement Plugged Duct Mastitis Case Study 7.1 Chronic Mastitis Low Milk Supply 7.2 Maternal Medications 7.3 Herbal Remedies Specific Herbs Used in the United States 7.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs and Exposures Alcohol Nicotine (Smoking Cigarettes) Marijuana Caffeine Other Drugs of Abuse Opioids Environmental Exposures 7.5 Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus Bilirubin Metabolism Physiologic Versus Pathologic Newborn Jaundice Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding Prevention and Treatment for Severe Jaundice Information for Parents 7.6 Breastfeeding Multiples 7.7 Infant Allergies Food Allergy (Hypersensitivity) Food Intolerance Case Study 7.2 Breastfeeding Premature Infants 7.8 Late-Preterm Infants 7.9 Human Milk and Preterm Infants 7.10 Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and HIV Infection 7.11 Human Milk Collection and Storage Milk Banking 7.12 Model Programs Breastfeeding Promotion in Physicians’ Office Practices (BPPOP) The Rush Mothers’ Milk Club Chapter 08: Infant Nutrition Introduction 8.1 Assessing Newborn Health Birthweight and Gestational Age as Outcome Measures Infant Mortality Combating Infant Mortality Newborn Growth Assessment Normal Physical Growth and Development Motor Development Critical Periods Cognitive Development Digestive System Development Parenting 8.2 Energy and Nutrient Needs Energy Needs Protein Needs Fat Needs Metabolic Rate, Energy, Fats, and Protein—How Do They All Tie Together? Other Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Needs 8.3 Growth Assessment Interpretation of Growth Data 8.4 Feeding In Early Infancy Breast Milk and Formula Cow Milk 8.5 Development of Infant Feeding Skills Introduction of Complementary Foods Case study 8.1 Baby Samantha Will Not Eat The Importance of Infant Feeding Position Preparing for Drinking from a Cup Food Texture and Development Complementary Feeding Inappropriate and Unsafe Food Choices Fluids How Much Food is Enough for Infants? Influence of Food Preferences on Feeding Behavior 8.6 Nutrition Guidance The Infant’s Home Environment Supplements for Infants: Special Circumstances Cross-Cultural Considerations 8.7 Common Nutritional Issuesand Concerns Colic Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diarrhea and Constipation Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Food Allergies Lactose Intolerance Peanut Allergy Vegetarian Diets 8.8 Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction Primary Prevention of Obesity during Infancy Model Programs Chapter 09: Infant Nutrition Conditions and Interventions Introduction 9.1 Infants at Risk Families of Infants with Special Health Care Needs 9.2 Energy and Nutrient Needs of Preterm Infants and Infants with Special Health Care Needs and/or Developmental Delay Energy Needs Protein Requirements Forms of Protein Fat Vitamins and Minerals 9.3 Growth of Infants at Risk or with Special Health Care Needs Growth in Preterm Infants Corrected Age Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Extrauterine Growth? Interpretation of Growth 9.4 Nutrition for Infants with Special Health Care Needs Nutrition Risks to Development 9.5 Severe Preterm Birth and Nutrition How Sick Babies are Fed Food Safety What to Feed Preterm Infants Preterm Infants and Feeding 9.6 Infants with Congenital Anomalies and ChronicIllness Case Study 9.1 Premature Birth in an At-Risk Family Infants with Genetic Disorders 9.7 Feeding Problems Case Study 9.2 Noah’s Cardiac Condition 9.8 Nutrition Interventions 9.9 Nutrition Services Chapter 10: Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition Introduction Definitions of the Life-Cycle Stage Importance of Nutrition 10.1 Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health Healthy People 2020 10.2 Normal Growth and Development Measuring Growth The WHO and CDC Growth Charts WHO Growth Standards Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting Growth Data 10.3 Physiological and Cognitive Development Toddlers Case Study 10.1 Meal Time with a Toddler Preschool-Age Children Temperament Differences Food Preference Development, Appetite, and Satiety 10.4 Energy and Nutrient Needs Energy Needs Protein Vitamins and Minerals 10.5 Common Nutrition Problems Iron-Deficiency Anemia Dental Caries Constipation Elevated Blood Lead Levels Food Security Food Safety 10.6 Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers and Preschoolers Assessment of Overweight and Obesity Prevention of Overweight and Obesity Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Expert Committee: Recommendations Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Herbal Supplements 10.7 Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 ChooseMyPlate Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium Fat-Soluble Vitamins Recommended Versus Actual Food Intake Cross-Cultural Considerations Vegetarian Diets Child Care Nutrition Standards Physical Activity Recommendations 10.8 Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction Nutrition Assessment Bright Futures: Nutrition 10.9 Public Food and Nutrition Programs WIC WIC’s Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program Head Start and Early Head Start Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Chapter 11: Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition Conditions and Interventions Introduction 11.1 Who Are Children with Special Health Care Needs? 11.2 Nutrition Needs of Toddlers and Preschoolers with Chronic Conditions 11.3 Growth Assessment 11.4 Feeding Problems behavioral Feeding Problems CASE STUDY 11.1: A Picky Eater excessive Fluid intake Feeding Problems and Food Safety Feeding Problems from Disabilities involving neuromuscular Control 11.5 Nutrition-RelatedConditions Failure to thrive Toddler Diarrhea and Celiac Disease Autism Spectrum Disorders Muscle Coordination Problems and Cerebral Palsy Case study 11.2: Early Intervention Services for a Boy at Risk for Nutrition Support Pulmonary Problems 11.6 Food Allergies and Intolerance 11.7 Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies 11.8 Sources of Nutrition Services Chapter 12: Child and Preadolescent Nutrition Introduction Definitions of the Life-cycle stage importance of nutrition 12.1 Tracking Child and Preadolescent Health Healthy People 2020 12.2 Normal Growthand Development the 2000 cDc growth charts WHO growth references 12.3 Physiological and Cognitive Development of School-Age Children Physiological Development cognitive Development Development of Feeding skills and eating behaviors 12.4 Energy and Nutrient Needs of School-Age Children energy needs Protein vitamins and Minerals 12.5 Common Nutrition Problems iron Deficiency Dental caries 12.6 Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders in School-Age Children Overweight and Obesity in school-age children addressing the Problem of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity nutrition and Prevention of cardiovascular Disease in school-age children Case study 12.1: Pediatric Overweight Dietary supplements 12.7 Dietary Recommendations Recommended Versus Actual Food Intake Cross-Cultural Considerations Vegetarian Diets 12.8 Physical Activity Recommendations Recommendations versus actual activity Determinants of Physical Activity Organized Sports 12.9 Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction Nutrition Education Nutrition Integrity in Schools 12.10 Public Food and Nutrition Programs The National School Lunch Program school breakfast Program impact of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids act summer Food service Program Team Nutrition Nutrition Assessment Model Programs Chapter 13: Child and Preadolescent Nutrition Conditions and Interventions Introduction 13.1 “Children Are Children First”—What Does That Mean? Counting children with Special Health care Needs 13.2 Nutritional Requirements of Children with Special Health Care Needs Energy Needs Protein Needs Other Nutrients 13.3 Growth Assessment Growth interpretation in Childrenwith Chronic conditions Body Composition and Growth Case study 13.1: Adjusting Energy Intake for a Child with Spina Bifida Specialized Growth Charts 13.4 Nutrition Recommendations Methods of Meeting Nutritional Requirements Fluids 13.5 Eating and Feeding Problems in Children with Special Health Care Needs Feeding challenges for Children with Health care Needs Specific Disorders Food Allergies 13.6 Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies 13.7 Sources of NutritionServices Case study 13.2: Dealing with Food Allergies in School Settings Nutrition intervention Model Program Chapter 14: Adolescent Nutrition Introduction Nutritional Needs in a Time of Change 14.1 Normal Physical Growth and Development Changes in Weight, Body Composition, and Skeletal Mass 14.2 Psychosocial and Cognitive Development 14.3 Health and Nutrition-Related Behaviors During Adolescence Snacking Meal Skipping Eating Away from Home and Family Meals Vegetarian Diets CASE STUDY 14.1: Moral and Ethical Dietary Considerations Leading to Changes in Dietary Habits in Late Adolescence Physical Activity 14.4 Dietary Requirements, Intake, and Adequacy Among Adolescents Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Adolescents Energy Protein Carbohydrates Dietary Fiber Fat Calcium Iron Vitamin D Folate Dietary Intake and Nutritional Adequacy 14.5 Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Intervention Dietary assessment and Screening Nutrition Education and Counseling 14.6 Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Behaviors the Home environment and Parental Involvement School-based education, School Meals, and Wellness Activities Community Engagement to create Nutritionally Supportive Environments Chapter 15: Adolescent Nutrition Conditions and interventions Introduction 15.1 Overweight and Obesity Health implications of adolescent Overweight and Obesity Assessment and treatment of adolescent Overweight and Obesity 15.2 Supplement Use Among Adolescents Vitamin/Mineral Supplements Ergogenic supplements Used by Teens 15.3 Nutrition for Adolescent Athletes 15.4 Special Dietary Concerns Among Adolescents substance Use Iron-Deficiency anemia Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Diabetes and Metabolic syndrome Children and Adolescents with Chronic Health Conditions 15.5 Dieting, Disordered Eating, and Eating Disorders Disordered eating behaviors and eating Disorders CASE STUDY 15.1: Following Ana’s Medical History Chapter 16: Adult Nutrition Introduction Importance of Nutrition 16.1 Tracking Adult Nutritional Health and Its Determinants Health Objectives for the nation Health Disparities among groups of adults 16.2 Physiological Changes During the Adult Years Hormonal and climacteric changes Body Composition changes in Adults Continuum of Nutritional Health States of Nutritional Health 16.3 Energy Recommendations Age-Related Changes in Energy Expenditure Estimating Energy Needs in Adults Energy Adjustments for Weight Change Tracking Energy Expenditure Energy Balance 16.4 Nutrient Recommendations Macro and Micro nutrient Recommendations Risk Nutrients 16.5 Dietary Recommendations for Adults Total Diet Approach Water Intake Recommendations Beverage intake Recommendations Caffeine and Coffee Intake Alcoholic Beverages Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods Phenolic compounds: everyday Functional Foods The eating Competence Model 16.6 Physical Activity Recommendations Guidelines for Physical Activity Promotion of Physical Activity Physical activity, body composition, and Metabolic change Diet and Physical Activity CASE STUDY 16.1: Run, Kristen, Run 16.7 Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction A Model Health-Promotion Program Public Food and Nutrition Programs Putting it All Together Chapter 17: Adult Nutrition Conditions and Interventions Introduction 17.1 Overweight and Obesity Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight Etiology of Obesity Effects of Obesity Screening and Assessment Nutrition Assessment Intervention in Obesity and Overweight Comprehensive Weight Management Program Weight Loss goals Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Weight Management Physical Activity for Weight Management The challenge of Weight Maintenance Pharmacotherapy for Weight Loss CASE STUDY 17.1: Maintaining a Healthy Weight Bariatric Surgery 17.2 Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence of CVD Etiology of Atherosclerosis Physiological Effects of Atherosclerosis Risk Factors for CVD Screening and Assessment of CVD Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Interventions for CVD Pharmacotherapy of CVD 17.3 Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome Effects of Metabolic Syndrome Screening and Assessment Nutrition interventions for Metabolic Syndrome CASE STUDY 17.2: Managing Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Dan Goes Dancing 17.4 Diabetes Mellitus Prediabetes Prevalence of Diabetes Etiology of Diabetes Physiological Effects of Diabetes Screening and Assessment Nutrition Assessment Interventions for Diabetes Carbohydrate Management Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Physical Activity in Diabetes Management Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Herbal remedies and Other Dietary Supplements 17.5 Cancer Prevalence of Cancer Etiology of Cancer Physiological and Psychological Effects of Cancer Screening and Assessment Nutrition Assessment Following Diagnosisand During Treatment Nutrition Interventions for Cancer Alternative Medicine and Cancer Treatment 17.6 HIV Disease Prevalence of HIV Etiology of HIV Physiological Effects of HIV Nutrition Assessment in HIV Nutrition interventions in HIV Chapter 18: Nutrition and Older Adults 18.1 Introduction What counts as Old Depends on Who is Counting Food Matters: nutrition contributes to a Long and Healthy Life 18.2 A Picture of the Aging Population: Vital Statistics Global Population trends: Life expectancy and Life span Health Objectives for Older adults 18.3 Theories of Aging Programmed Aging Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging Calorie Restriction to Increase Longevity 18.4 Physiological Changes Body-Composition Changes Changing Sensual Awareness: Taste and Smell, chewing and swallowing, Appetite and Thirst 18.5 Nutritional Risk Factors 18.6 Dietary Recommendations for Older Adults 18.7 Nutrient Recommendations Estimating Energy Needs Nutrient Recommendations for Older Adults: Energy Sources Age-Associated Changes: Nutrients of Concern Nutrient Supplements: When, Why, Who, What, and How Much? Dietary supplements, Functional Foods, and complementary Medicine Nutrient Recommendations: Using the Food Label Cross-cultural considerations in Making Dietary Recommendations 18.8 Food Safety Recommendations 18.9 Physical Activity Recommendations Physical activity guidelines 18.9 Nutrition Policy andIntervention for Risk Reduction Nutrition Education CASE STUDY 18.1: JT—Spiraling Out of Control? 18.10 Community Food and Nutrition Programs Store-to-Door: a nongovernmental Service that Supports Aging in Place OAANP: Promoting Socialization and Improved Nutrition The Promise of Prevention: Health Promotion Chapter 19: Nutrition and Older Adults Conditions and interventions Introduction: The Importance of Nutrition 19.1 Nutrition and Health 19.2 Heart Disease Prevalence Risk Factors Nutritional remediesfor cardiovascular Diseases 19.3 Stroke Prevalence Etiology Effects of Stroke Risk Factors Nutritional Remedies 19.4 Hypertension Prevalence Etiology Effects of Hypertension Risk Factors Nutritional Remedies 19.5 Diabetes: Special Concerns for Older Adults Effects of Diabetes Nutritional interventions 19.6 Obesity Definition Prevalence Etiology, Effects, and Risk Factors of Obesity Nutritional remedies 19.7 Osteoporosis Definition Prevalence Etiology Effects of Osteoporosis Nutritional remedies Other issues affecting nutritional Remedies 19.8 Oral Health 19.9 Gastrointestinal Diseases Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Stomach Conditions Affect Nutrient Availability: Vitamin B12 Malabsorption Constipation 19.10 Inflammatory Diseases: Osteoarthritis Etiology Effects of Osteoarthritis Risk Factors CASE STUDY 19.1: Bridget Doyle Remembers Laura 19.11 Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease Definition Prevalence Etiology of cognitive impairment Effects of cognitive impairment Nutrition interventions for cognitive impairment 19.12 Polypharmacy: Prescription and Over the-Counter Medications Medication effects on Physical, Mental, and Financial status Medication effects on Food consumption 19.13 Low Body Weight/ Unintentional Weight Loss Definition Etiology and effects CASE STUDY 19.2: Ms. Wetter: A Senior Suffering Through a Bad Stretch Nutrition Interventions 19.14 Dehydration Definition Etiology Effects of Dehydration Nutritional interventions Rehydrate slowly Dehydration at end of Life 19.15 Bereavement Answers to Review Questions Appendix A: Measurement Abbreviations and Equivalents Appendix B: Body Mass Index (BMI) References Glossary Index