Modern Battery Engineering: A Comprehensive Introduction

Description

This richly illustrated book written by Professor Kai Peter Birke and several co-authors addresses both scientific and engineering aspects of modern batteries in a unique way. Emphasizing the engineering part of batteries, the book acts as a compass towards next generation batteries for automotive and stationary applications. The book provides distinguished answers to still open questions on how future batteries look like. Modern Battery Engineering explains why and how batteries have to be designed for successful commercialization in e-mobility and stationary applications. The book will help readers understand the principle issues of battery designs, paving the way for engineers to avoid wrong paths and settle on appropriate cell technologies for next generation batteries. This book is ideal for training courses for readers interested in the field of modern batteries. Contents Preface About the Editor About the Authors 1. Fundamental Aspects of Achievable Energy Densities in Electrochemical Cells Annex A. Specific capacity of each element B. Series voltage of each element C. Specific energy of each element D. Volumetric energy density of each element Bibliography 2. Lithium-ion Cells: Discussion of Different Cell Housings 2.1 Cell Housings 2.2 Cylindrical Cells 2.3 Prismatic Cells 2.4 Stabilization of Electrode and Separator Layers 2.5 Gas Evolution 2.6 Flexibility with Respect to Cell Size 2.7 Producing Pouch Cells 2.8 Status Quo of Cell Concepts 2.9 Outlook Bibliography 3. Integral Battery Architecture with Cylindrical Cells as Structural Elements 3.1 State of the Art Battery Systems 3.1.1 Block architecture 3.1.2 Modular architecture 3.1.3 Cell circuitry 3.2 The Battery Cell as a Structural Element 3.2.1 Cylindrical cells 3.2.2 Prismatic cells 3.2.3 Battery cells as structural elements 3.3 Construction of the Battery Module 3.3.1 Cell connection 3.3.2 Moisture proof 3.3.3 Lifetime 3.3.4 Automotive standards 3.3.5 No further load bearing elements 3.3.6 Thermal management 3.3.7 Safety aspects 3.3.8 Scalability 3.3.9 Exchangeable single battery cells 3.3.10 Gas channels 3.4 Integrated Cell Supervision Circuit 3.4.1 Balancing 3.4.2 Mechanical integration 3.4.3 Communication 3.4.4 Energy saving 3.5 Cell Connectors 3.5.1 State of the art 3.5.2 Electrical contact resistance 3.5.3 Clamped cell connectors 3.5.4 Conclusion 3.6 Battery Thermal Management 3.6.1 State of the art 3.6.1.1 Air cooling for BTM 3.6.1.2 Liquid cooling for BTM 3.6.1.3 Phase change materials for BTM 3.6.1.4 Heat pipe 3.6.1.5 Thermoelectric cooler (TEC) 3.6.2 BTM for integral single cell 3.6.2.1 Non-uniform temperature distribution inside battery cells 3.6.2.2 Terminal cooling Acknowledgment Bibliography 4. Parallel Connection of Lithium-ion Cells — Purpose, Tasks and Challenges 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Main Issues and Challenges 4.3 Influences on the Current Distribution 4.3.1 Simplified model — Analytical solution 4.3.2 Effects of cell resistance and capacity variations 4.3.3 Influence of the open circuit voltage bending 4.4 Thermal Effects 4.5 Aging Bibliography 5. Fundamental Aspects of Reconfigurable Batteries: Efficiency Enhancement and Lifetime Extension 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Modeling 5.2.1 Energy efficiency 5.2.1.1 Energy loss 5.2.1.2 Rest energy versus equalization energy 5.3 Dynamic Optimization Problem 5.4 Optimal Control 5.4.1 Vector-based dynamic programming 5.4.2 Complexity of the control strategy 5.4.3 Optimal control policy 5.5 Efficiency Enhancement 5.5.1 Simulation setup 5.5.2 Results 5.6 Lifetime Enhancement 5.6.1 Aging model 5.6.2 Results 5.7 Summary Bibliography 6. Volume Strain in Lithium Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fundamentals of Volume Strain 6.2.1 Intercalation 6.2.2 Alloying 6.2.3 Conversion 6.3 Volume Strain on Cells Level 6.4 Volume Strain on Systems Level 6.5 Measurement Techniques 6.5.1 Unpressurized 6.5.2 Pressurized 6.6 State Diagnostics 6.6.1 SoH diagnostics 6.6.2 SoC diagnostics Bibliography 7. Every Day a New Battery: Aging Dependence of Internal States in Lithium-ion Cells 7.1 Operation and Degradation Processes in the Electrode State Diagram 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Absolute potentials and the electrode state diagram 7.1.3 Charge and discharge 7.1.4 Charge and discharge limits 7.1.5 Combined electrode reactions 7.1.6 Anodic side reactions — Growth of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) 7.1.7 Cathodic side reactions — Possible formation of solid permeable interface (SPI) 7.1.8 Transition metal dissolution 7.1.9 Loss of active material 7.2 Experimental Verification and Analysis Techniques 7.2.1 Loss of anode active material 7.2.2 Loss of active lithium 7.2.3 Loss of cathode active lithium 7.2.4 The principle of limitation 7.2.5 Example of an aged cell 7.2.6 Inhomogeneities and limitations in real cells 7.3 Conclusion Bibliography 8. Thermal Propagation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Process of Thermal Propagation 8.2.1 Thermal runaway 8.2.2 Propagation 8.2.3 Resulting effects 8.3 Testing 8.3.1 Relevance 8.3.2 Trigger methods 8.3.3 Measurement equipment and methods 8.3.4 Experiment setup and conditions 8.3.5 Analyzing the results 8.4 Influencing Variables 8.4.1 Cell format 8.4.2 Energy density 8.4.3 System design Bibliography 9. Potential of Capacitive Effects in Lithium-ion Cells 9.1 Brief Introduction to the Principles of Electrostatic and Electrochemical Storage 9.1.1 Double-layer capacitance 9.1.2 Intercalation 9.1.3 Pseudocapacitance 9.2 Similarities and Differences between Capacitors and Lithium-ion Cells 9.2.1 Carbons as electrode material 9.2.2 The solid electrolyte interface 9.2.3 Summary 9.3 Methods of Measurement of Capacitive Effects 9.3.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 9.3.1.1 Modeling approaches based on equivalent circuit elements 9.3.2 Cyclic voltammetry 9.3.3 Current pulse method 9.3.4 Summary 9.4 Utilization of Capacitive Effects in Li-ion Cells 9.4.1 Li-ion cell development 9.4.2 Li-ion capacitor 9.4.3 Estimation of DL capacitance on cell level 9.4.4 Potential on the system level 9.5 Conclusion and Outlook Nomenclature Bibliography 10. Battery Recycling: Focus on Li-ion Batteries 10.1 Battery Materials and their Supply 10.2 Motivation for Battery Recycling and Legal Framework in Europe 10.3 Available Recycling Technologies 10.3.1 Pre-processing treatments 10.3.2 Pyro- and hydrometallurgy for extraction 10.4 Electrohydraulic Fragmentation, an Innovative Recycling Process for Battery Recycling 10.5 Outlook Bibliography 11. Power-to-X Conversion Technologies 11.1 Definition of Power-to-X 11.2 Potential of Cross-Sectoral Applications 11.3 Power-to-X as a Primary Battery 11.4 Power-to-Gas 11.4.1 Hydrogen generation 11.4.2 Electrolytic hydrogen generation 11.4.2.1 Thermochemical hydrogen generation 11.4.2.2 Photochemical hydrogen generation 11.4.3 Methanation 11.4.3.1 Catalytic/chemical methanation 11.4.3.2 Biological methanation 11.4.3.3 Plasma-based methanation 11.5 Power-to-Liquid 11.5.1 Technological overview 11.5.2 Carbon sources 11.6 Power-to-Solid 11.7 Basic Gas Management Systems 11.8 Sustainable Energy Chains — Closing Remarks Bibliography Epilogue Acknowledgments Index