Plant Stress Mitigators: Types, Techniques and Functions

Description

Plant Stress Mitigators: Types, Techniques and Functions presents a detailed contextual discussion of various stressors on plant health and yield, with accompanying insights into options for limiting impacts using chemical elicitors, bio-stimulants, breeding techniques and agronomical techniques such as seed priming, cold plasma treatment, and nanotechnology, amongst others. The book explores the various action mechanisms for enhancing plant growth and stress tolerance capacity, including nutrient solubilizing and mobilizing, biocontrol activity against plant pathogens, phytohormone production, soil conditioners, and many more unrevealed mechanisms. This book combines research, methods, opinion, perspectives and reviews, dissecting the stress alleviation action of different plant stress mitigators on crops grown under optimal and sub-optimal growing conditions (abiotic and biotic stresses). Front Cover Plant Stress Mitigators Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of contributors 1 Approaches in stress mitigation of plants 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Abiotic stress mitigation 1.2.1 Drought stress and mitigation 1.2.2 Salinity stress and mitigation 1.2.3 Temperature stress and mitigation 1.2.4 Metal stress and mitigation 1.2.5 Submergence stress and mitigation 1.2.6 Cold stress and mitigation 1.3 Biotic stress mitigation 1.4 Conclusions and future perspectives References 2 Biocontrol: a novel eco-friendly mitigation strategy to manage plant diseases 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mechanisms of biological control and biological antagonists 2.3 The rhizosphere is a habitat for microorganisms 2.4 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases using PGPRs 2.5 Advantages and limitations 2.6 Summary of mechanisms employed by PGPR as growth promoters and biocontrol agents 2.7 Direct mechanisms 2.7.1 Production of plant growth regulators (phytohormones) by PGPR 2.7.1.1 Indole-3-acetic acid production 2.7.1.2 ACC-deaminase production 2.7.1.3 Cytokinins 2.7.1.4 Gibberellins 2.7.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 2.7.3 Phosphate solubilization 2.7.4 Root colonization and rhizosphere competence 2.8 Indirect mechanisms 2.8.1 Antifungal metabolites 2.8.1.1 HCN production (an example of volatile antibiotic) 2.8.2 Biosurfactants (surface-active compounds) 2.8.3 Siderophores 2.8.4 Cell wall degrading enzymes 2.8.5 Induction of systemic resistance 2.9 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases using antagonist fungi 2.10 Summary of mechanics employed by antagonist fungi as growth promoters and biocontrol agents 2.10.1 Competition efficiently for space 2.10.2 Production of metabolites 2.10.3 Root colonization 2.11 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases by means of VAM fungi 2.12 Summary of mechanics employed by VAM fungi as growth promoters and biocontrol agents 2.13 “Combination” the best way to biocontrol of the plant diseases 2.14 Conclusions and future strategies to make better use of biocontrol agents References 3 Salicylic acid induced abiotic stress tolerance in plants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Salicylic acid and abiotic stresses 3.3 Salicylic acid and drought 3.4 Salicylic acid and waterlogging 3.5 Salicylic acid and heavy metals 3.6 Salicylic acid and low temperature 3.7 Salicylic acid and high temperature 3.8 Salicylic acid and salinity 3.9 Conclusions References 4 Salicylic acid mediated postharvest chilling and disease stress tolerance in horticultural crops 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Postharvest chilling injury (CI) stress in fresh horticultural crops 4.3 Factors affecting CI development in horticultural crops 4.3.1 Maturity stage 4.3.2 Genotypes 4.3.3 Storage temperature 4.3.4 Storage duration 4.3.5 Storage conditions 4.4 Effects of CI on quality of horticultural crops 4.4.1 Effect of CI on biochemical quality 4.4.2 Effect of CI on sensory attributes 4.4.3 Effect of CI on visual quality 4.4.4 Effect of CI on aroma volatiles 4.5 Postharvest strategies for CI mitigation 4.6 Effect of salicylic acid on CI mitigation in horticultural crops 4.7 Mechanism of salicylic acid in CI mitigation 4.8 Salicylic acid and postharvest disease stress tolerance of horticultural crops 4.8.1 Diseases induced postharvest losses of horticultural crops 4.8.2 Salicylic acid and its possible mechanism for disease control 4.9 Postharvest diseases control with sole salicylic acid treatments 4.9.1 Preharvest sole salicylic acid applications 4.9.2 Postharvest sole salicylic acid treatments 4.9.3 Combined application of salicylic acid and other chemicals for disease control 4.9.4 Combined application of salicylic acid with biocontrol agents for disease control 4.10 Conclusion and future prospects References 5 Germination and seedling establishment of useful tropical trees for ecological restoration: implications for conservation... 5.1 Introduction 5.2 External factors 5.2.1 Light 5.2.2 Temperature and moisture 5.2.3 Soil types/soil preferences 5.3 Internal factors 5.3.1 Seed structure and seed germination 5.3.2 Seed maturity and dormancy 5.4 Implications for conservation of tropical trees References 6 Soil health and plant stress mitigation 6.1 The concept of soil health 6.2 The impact of agriculture on soil health 6.3 Soil health and biodiversity 6.4 Soil health, biodiversity, and plant stress 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Salicylic acid and ascorbic acid as mitigators of chilling stress in plants 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Physiological and biochemical effects of chilling stress 7.3 Physiological and biochemical effects of adaptive (protective) compounds 7.3.1 Salicylic acid 7.3.2 Ascorbic acid 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Role of glycine betaine in the protection of plants against environmental stresses 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against temperature and high irradiance stress 8.3 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against drought stress 8.4 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against salinity stress 8.5 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against heavy metals toxicity stress 8.6 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against waterlogging and flooding References 9 Effects of plant growth regulators on physiological and phytochemical parameters in medicinal plants under stress conditions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Plant growth regulators effects on plant performance 9.3 Effect of plant growth regulator on medicinal plants 9.4 Conclusions References 10 Proline and soluble carbohydrates biosynthesis and their roles in plants under abiotic stresses 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Carbohydrates 10.2.1 The role of soluble carbohydrates in plants growth and development 10.2.2 Sucrose metabolization 10.2.3 Accumulation of soluble sugars as a strategy for resistance to abiotic stresses 10.2.3.1 Soluble sugars, antioxidant system, and oxidative stress 10.2.3.2 Sugars affect the generation of reactive oxygen species under stressful conditions 10.2.4 Correlation between abiotic stress factors and sugars in plants 10.2.4.1 Deficit water stress 10.2.4.2 Salinity stress 10.2.4.3 Cold and heat stress 10.3 Proline 10.3.1 Proline biosynthetic pathways 10.3.2 The proline functions in resistance to stress 10.3.2.1 Osmotic adjustment 10.3.2.2 Protection of cellular structure during dehydration 10.3.2.3 Redox buffering 10.3.2.4 Storage and transfer of reductants 10.3.2.5 Proline as a potential signaling molecule 10.3.3 Reactive oxygen species scavenging 10.3.3.1 Proline functions as an antioxidant 10.3.3.2 Precursor of proline for other antioxidant molecules 10.3.3.3 Proline as metal chelator 10.4 Effect of sugars on an accumulation of proline 10.5 Proline and abiotic stress 10.5.1 Drought 10.5.2 Salinity 10.5.3 Heat and chilling stress 10.5.4 Heavy metal stress 10.6 Conclusions References 11 Switching role of hydrogen sulfide in amelioration of metal stress in plant 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Hydrogen sulfide key regulatory molecule during stress events in plants 11.3 Hydrogen sulfide synthesis 11.4 Hydrogen sulfide with effect of priming in plant cells 11.5 Hydrogen sulfide in curing variety of metal stress and toxicity in different plant species with different parts 11.6 Arsenic 11.7 Aluminum 11.8 Boron 11.9 Cadmium 11.10 Chromium 11.11 Cobalt 11.12 Copper 11.13 Lead 11.14 Nickel 11.15 Zinc 11.16 Conclusions References Further reading 12 PGPR reduces the adverse effects of abiotic stresses by modulating morphological and biochemical properties in plants 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Abiotic stress 12.3 Rhizobacterial effects on morphological traits 12.4 Rhizobacterial effects on indole-3-acetic acid 12.5 Rhizobacterial effects on ethylene 12.6 Rhizobacterial effects on antioxidants 12.7 Rhizobacterial effects on osmoprotectants and photosynthetic pigments 12.8 Changes in different ions concentrations 12.9 Conclusions References 13 Role of polyamines in plants under abiotic stresses: regulation of biochemical interactions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Distribution of polyamines 13.3 Biosynthesis of polyamines 13.4 Inhibitors of polyamines 13.5 Degradation of polyamines 13.6 Methods of application of polyamines 13.7 Application of polyamines in plant growth and development 13.8 Polyamines and embryo development 13.9 Polyamines and plant senescence 13.10 Polyamines and abiotic stress responses 13.11 Polyamines and temperature stress 13.12 Polyamines and heat stress 13.13 Polyamines and cold stress 13.14 Polyamines and water stress 13.15 Polyamines and salinity stress 13.16 Heavy metal stress 13.17 Polyamines and oxidative stress 13.18 Conclusions References 14 Prime-omics approaches to mitigate stress response in plants 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Prime-omics for biotic stresses 14.2.1 Prime-omics in bacterial defense 14.2.2 Prime-omics against oomycetes 14.2.3 Prime-omics against fungi 14.2.4 Prime-omics against arthropods 14.2.5 Prime-omics against viruses 14.3 Prime-omics against abiotic stresses 14.3.1 Prime-omics against drought 14.3.2 Prime-omics against salinity 14.3.3 Prime-omics against heat 14.3.4 Plant defense against waterlogging 14.4 Conclusion References 15 Perspectives of using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under salinity stress for sustainable crop production 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Halophytes 15.2.1 Mechanisms of salinity-resistance halophytes 15.3 Halotolerant bacteria 15.3.1 Mechanisms of salinity-resistance in halotolerant bacteria 15.4 Halotolerant bacteria and growth of plants under salinity stress 15.5 Conclusions and future perspectives References 16 Biosaline agriculture and efficient management strategies for sustainable agriculture on salt affected Vertisols 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Vertisols 16.1.2 Salt affected Vertisols 16.1.3 Biosaline agriculture 16.2 Crop based biosaline agriculture 16.2.1 Salt tolerant crops varieties 16.2.2 Potential alternative crops for sustainable agriculture and food security in saline ecosystem 16.2.2.1 Quinoa 16.2.2.2 Sesbania (Dhaincha) 16.2.2.3 Castor 16.2.2.4 Salvadora based silvipastural system 16.2.2.5 Salicornia 16.2.2.6 Halophytes 16.3 Molecular biology of salinity tolerance 16.3.1 Genomics: quantitative trait loci mapping for salinity tolerance 16.3.2 Association studies 16.4 Halobiome and salt stress 16.4.1 Halophilic plant growth promoting microbes 16.5 Land and water management 16.5.1 Irrigation and salinity build up 16.5.2 Management practices to mitigate irrigation induced soil salinity build up 16.5.2.1 Efficient application of irrigation water 16.5.2.2 Conjunctive use of surface water and saline groundwater in Vertisols 16.5.2.3 Interventions for sustaining crop production in heavy textured saline soil under saline water application 16.5.2.4 Use of saline groundwater and treated industrial effluents for crop cultivation in Vertisols 16.5.3 Management of saline soils 16.5.3.1 Mole drainage technology 16.5.3.2 Cut soiler based subsurface drainage system 16.5.3.3 Groundwater recharge tube wells as water harvesting cum flood mitigation structures 16.6 Conclusions References 17 Chemical elicitors- a mitigation strategy for maximize crop yields under abiotic stress 17.1 Elicitors in improving crop productivity 17.2 Elicitors and their mechanisms in plants 17.2.1 Brassinosteroids 17.2.1.1 Brassinosteroids in abiotic stress management 17.2.1.2 Brassinosteroid signaling mechanism 17.2.1.3 Vascular brassinosteroid receptor BRL3 17.2.1.4 Brassinosteroid and NADPH oxidase 17.2.2 Salicylic acid 17.2.2.1 Salicylic acid and abiotic stress tolerance 17.2.2.2 Signal transduction 17.2.2.3 Salicylic acid cross talk with other hormones 17.2.3 Jasmonic acid 17.2.3.1 Role of jasmonic acid in alleviating abiotic stresses 17.2.3.2 Signal transduction 17.2.3.3 Cross talk 17.3 Molecular intricacies of chemical elicitors 17.4 Molecular intricacies in abiotic stress 17.4.1 Molecular intricacies in biotic stress 17.5 Way forward References 18 Role of sulfhydryl bioregulator thiourea in mitigating drought stress in crops 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Thiourea imparts plant tolerance to dehydration stress 18.3 Thiourea application maintains thiol redox homeostasis in plants under drought stress 18.4 Thiourea improves H2S signaling and mitigates drought stress in crops 18.5 Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgments References 19 Rhizobacterial-mediated tolerance to plants upon abiotic stresses 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Phytohormonal level regulation 19.2.1 Indole acetic acid 19.2.2 Gibberellins 19.2.3 Abscisic acid 19.2.4 Ethylene 19.2.5 Cytokinins 19.3 Production of volatile compounds 19.4 Osmolytes accumulation 19.4.1 Proline 19.4.2 Soluble sugars 19.4.3 Choline and glycine betaine 19.5 Induction of antioxidant system 19.6 Molecular regulations 19.6.1 Gene expression 19.6.2 Proteins 19.7 Exopolysaccharides accumulation 19.8 Variation in root morphology 19.9 Conclusion and future prospects References 20 Changes in plant secondary metabolite profiles in response to environmental stresses 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Environmental factors and secondary metabolite biosynthesis 20.2.1 Light 20.2.1.1 Photoperiod and secondary metabolites 20.2.1.2 Light intensity and secondary metabolites biosynthesis 20.2.1.3 Metabolites production and light quality 20.2.1.4 Ultraviolet radiation 20.2.2 Effect of temperature on secondary metabolites 20.2.3 Drought stress 20.2.4 Effect of altitude on secondary metabolites 20.2.5 Secondary metabolites and salinity of soil 20.2.6 Nutrient composition and secondary metabolites 20.3 Effects of biotic factors on secondary metabolites 20.3.1 Polysaccharide 20.3.2 Yeast origin 20.3.3 Fungal origin 20.3.4 Bacterial origin 20.3.5 Culture age References 21 Soil microbial inocula: an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for mitigating salinity stress in plants 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Saline soils 21.3 Plants’ responses to salinity stress 21.4 Management of saline soils 21.5 Salt tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria 21.5.1 Mechanisms of ST-PGPB in increasing plant resistance to salinity 21.5.1.1 Plant growth regulators 21.5.1.2 Osmoregulation 21.5.1.3 Antioxidant regulation 21.5.1.4 Plant nutrition 21.5.1.5 Exopolysaccharides 21.5.2 Application of bacterial inocula to improve crop productivity in saline soils 21.6 Salt tolerance-plant growth-promoting fungi 21.7 Conclusions and future considerations Acknowledgments References 22 How does silicon help alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants? Mechanisms and future prospects 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Silicon, the “quasi-essential, beneficial” mineral nutrient 22.3 Biotic/abiotic stresses 22.4 Biotic stresses 22.4.1 Silicon and biotic stress mitigation in plants 22.4.1.1 Physical barrier formation 22.4.1.2 Chemical barrier formation 22.4.1.3 Effects on the plant mineral nutrition 22.5 Salinity stress 22.5.1 Silicon in mitigating the salinity stress in plants 22.5.1.1 Increased plant root system 22.5.1.2 Controlled compatible solute biosyntheses 22.5.1.3 Controlled phytohormone and polyamine biosyntheses 22.5.1.4 Improved mineral uptake and assimilation 22.5.1.5 Reduction in the ion toxicity 22.5.1.6 Maintenance of plant water balance 22.5.1.7 Regulating antioxidant defense system activities 22.5.1.8 Gas exchange attribute modifications 22.5.1.9 Modifications of the gene expression 22.5.1.10 Lignin biosynthesis management 22.6 Drought stress 22.6.1 How silicon mitigates drought stress in plants 22.6.1.1 Increased plant root system 22.6.1.2 Increased plant uptake of mineral nutrients 22.6.1.3 Modified gas exchange attributes 22.6.1.4 Osmotic potential adjustment 22.6.1.5 Osmolyte modifications 22.6.1.6 Modification of phytohormones and secondary metabolites 22.6.1.7 Gene expression modifications 22.6.1.8 Reduced oxidative stresses 22.6.1.9 Improvement of water relations 22.7 Heavy metal toxicity stress 22.7.1 Silicon and heavy metal toxicity mitigation in plants 22.7.1.1 Decreased plant metal uptake 22.7.1.2 Enhanced gas exchange attributes and photosynthetic pigment contents 22.7.1.3 Changes to the biomass accumulation, growth, and mineral nutrient uptake 22.7.1.4 Immobilization of the toxic heavy metals in the soil 22.7.1.5 Enhanced antioxidant defense system 22.7.1.6 Compartmentation of metals within plants 22.7.1.7 Coprecipitation of silicon and metals 22.7.1.8 Chelate formation with heavy metals 22.7.1.9 Modification of gene expressions 22.7.1.10 Induction of structural alterations in plant 22.8 Nutritional imbalances 22.8.1 Silicon and nutritional imbalance stress in plants 22.8.1.1 Nitrogen 22.8.1.2 Phosphorus 22.8.1.3 Potassium 22.8.1.4 Calcium and magnesium 22.8.1.5 Iron 22.8.1.6 Manganese 22.8.1.7 Zinc 22.8.1.8 Copper 22.9 Silicon in the alleviation of other abiotic stresses 22.10 Conclusions and future prospects Acknowledgments References 23 Editing genomes to modify plant response to abiotic stress 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Genome editing tools 23.3 ZFN and TALENs in abiotic stress tolerance 23.4 CRISPR/Cas9 23.5 CRISPR application in abiotic stress tolerance 23.6 Genome editing to modify plants for salinity stress tolerance 23.7 Editing genome to modify plants response to drought tolerance 23.8 Genome editing to modify heat stress tolerance in plants 23.9 Genome editing for improving cold tolerance 23.10 Conclusions References 24 Organic compounds as antistress stimulants in plants: responses and mechanisms 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Biostimulators 24.2.1 Classification of plant stimulants 24.2.2 The role of biostimulant as an antistress stimulant in plant 24.3 Humate substances 24.3.1 Role of humate substances under abiotic stress 24.3.2 The main effects of humate substances 24.4 Protein hydrolysates 24.5 Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants 24.6 Role of phytohormones to alleviated abiotic stress 24.6.1 Influence of abiotic stress on hormonal system in plant 24.7 Role of biofertilizers to alleviated abiotic stress 24.7.1 Influence of organic compounds in alleviation salinity stress 24.8 Conclusions References 25 The influence of climate change on interactions between environmental stresses and plants 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Recent and future climate change and their implications for plant growth 25.3 Climate changes phenomena 25.4 Abiotic stresses their effects on plant metabolism 25.4.1 Drought and water shortage stress 25.5 Plant response to drought stress 25.6 Salinity stress 25.7 Plant response to salinity stress 25.8 Rising CO2 levels 25.9 CO2 assimilation 25.10 Ecological mismatches, for better or worse 25.11 Resetting plant defense to herbivores 25.12 Plant responses under environmental stresses 25.13 Climate change and its effects on plant metabolism 25.14 Conclusions References 26 Biological control of Fusarium wilt in legumes 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Fusarium wilt 26.2.1 The pathogen 26.2.2 Pathogenic variability 26.2.3 The disease 26.3 Biological control of plant diseases 26.4 Biological control of Fusarium wilt 26.4.1 Chickpea 26.4.2 Pigeonpea 26.4.3 Lentil 26.4.4 Pea 26.4.5 Common bean, cowpea, faba bean and alfalfa 26.4.6 Mungo bean, mung bean, and soybean 26.4.7 Lupines and groundnut 26.5 Future prospects References 27 Oxidative stress in plants and the biochemical response mechanisms 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Response to stress—enzymatic and nonenzymatic 27.2.1 Enzymatic system 27.2.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.151.1) 27.2.1.2 H2O2-scavenging enzymatic antioxidants 27.2.1.3 Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) 27.2.1.4 Peroxidases 27.2.1.5 Enzymatic responses to stress 27.2.2 Nonenzymatic molecules 27.2.2.1 Biogenic amines and polyamines 27.2.2.2 Phenolic compounds 27.2.2.3 Carotenoids 27.2.2.4 Nonenzymatic responses to stress 27.2.2.5 Amines X COVID-19 27.3 Conclusions and further perspectives Acknowledgments References 28 Nanoparticles treatment ameliorate the side effects of stresses in plants 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Characteristics of nanoparticles 28.3 Nanoparticles uptake and movement in plants 28.4 Mechanisms of nanoparticles interfering with plants 28.5 Plant response to nanoparticle stress 28.6 Ameliorating effects of various nanoparticles on plant under stress 28.6.1 Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles 28.6.2 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles 28.6.3 Silver oxide nanoparticles 28.6.4 Silicon dioxide nanoparticles 28.6.5 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 28.6.6 Copper oxide nanoparticles References 29 Soil moisture–mediated changes in microorganism biomass and bioavailability of nutrients in paddy soil 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Soil moisture changes 29.3 Oxidation-reduction potential 29.4 Soil microbial biomass 29.5 Organic matter 29.6 Microbial activity 29.7 Enzyme activity 29.8 Bioavailability of nutrients in paddy soils 29.9 Nitrogen (N) 29.10 Microbial mineralization of nitrogen 29.11 Phosphorus (P) 29.12 Sulfur 29.13 Iron (Fe) 29.14 Zinc (Zn) 29.15 Manganese (Mn) 29.16 Copper (Cu) 29.17 Boron (B) 29.18 Molybdenum (Mo) 29.19 Silicon (Si) 29.20 Conclusions References 30 Trichomes plasticity of plants in response to environmental stresses 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Trichomes morphology and ultrastructure 30.3 Biological functions of trichomes 30.4 Effects of environmental factors on trichome development 30.4.1 Effect of altitude on trichomes plasticity 30.4.2 Effect of nanoparticles on trichomes plasticity 30.4.3 Effect of edaphic factors on trichomes plasticity 30.4.4 Effect of light regimes on trichomes morphology and density 30.4.5 Effect of chemical compounds on trichomes morphology and density 30.4.6 Effect of temperatures on trichomes 30.4.7 Effects of water stress on trichomes References 31 An overview of bacterial bio-fertilizers function on soil fertility under abiotic stresses 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Types of growth-promoting bacteria 31.3 Nitrogen stabilization processes in bacteria 31.4 Bacteria affecting the phosphorus cycle 31.5 Effective bacteria in the potassium cycle 31.6 Silicate bacteria 31.7 Sulfur bacteria 31.8 The relationship between rhizospheric bacteria that stimulate growth and host plants 31.9 Practical uses of rhizospheric bacteria that stimulate growth in agriculture 31.10 Bio-fertilizers for the alleviation of some abiotic stresses 31.11 Conclusions References Index Back Cover