Electrochemical Engineering

Description

From chemical and electronics manufacturing, to hybrid vehicles, energy storage, and beyond, electrochemical engineering touches many industries—any many lives—every day. As energy conservation becomes of central importance, so too does the science that helps us reduce consumption, reduce waste, and lessen our impact on the planet. Electrochemical Engineering provides a reference for scientists and engineers working with electrochemical processes, and a rigorous, thorough text for graduate students and upper-division undergraduates. Merging theoretical concepts with widespread application, this book is designed to provide critical knowledge in a real-world context. Beginning with the fundamental principles underpinning the field, the discussion moves into industrial and manufacturing processes that blend central ideas to provide an advanced understanding while explaining observable results. Fully-worked illustrations simplify complex processes, and end-of chapter questions help reinforce essential knowledge. With in-depth coverage of both the practical and theoretical, this book is both a thorough introduction to and a useful reference for the field. Rigorous in depth, yet grounded in relevance, Electrochemical Engineering: Introduces basic principles from the standpoint of practical application Explores the kinetics of electrochemical reactions with discussion on thermodynamics, reaction fundamentals, and transport Covers battery and fuel cell characteristics, mechanisms, and system design Delves into the design and mechanics of hybrid and electric vehicles, including regenerative braking, start-stop hybrids, and fuel cell systems Examines electrodeposition, redox-flow batteries, electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, semiconductors, and other applications of electrochemical engineering principles Overlapping chemical engineering, chemistry, material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, electrochemical engineering covers a diverse array of phenomena explained by some of the important scientific discoveries of our time. Electrochemical Engineering provides the critical understanding required to work effectively with these processes as they become increasingly central to global sustainability. Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Principles 1.1 Electrochemical Cells 1.2 Characteristics of Electrochemical Reactions 1.3 Importance of Electrochemical Systems 1.4 Scientific Units, Constants, Conventions 1.5 Faraday’s Law 1.6 Faradaic Efficiency 1.7 Current Density 1.8 Potential and Ohm’s Law 1.9 Electrochemical Systems: Example Chapter 2: Cell Potential and Thermodynamics 2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 2.2 Cell Potential 2.3 Expression for Cell Potential 2.4 Standard Potentials 2.5 Effect of Temperature on Standard Potential 2.6 Simplified Activity Correction 2.7 Use of the Cell Potential 2.8 Equilibrium Constants 2.9 Pourbaix Diagrams 2.10 Cells with a Liquid Junction 2.11 Reference Electrodes 2.12 Equilibrium at Electrode Interface 2.13 Potential in Solution Due to Charge: Debye–Hückel Theory 2.14 Activities and Activity Coefficients 2.15 Estimation of Activity Coefficients Chapter 3: Electrochemical Kinetics 3.1 Double Layer 3.2 Impact of Potential on Reaction Rate 3.3 Use of the Butler–Volmer Kinetic Expression 3.4 Reaction Fundamentals 3.5 Simplified Forms of the Butler–Volmer Equation 3.6 Direct Fitting of the Butler–Volmer Equation 3.7 The Influence of Mass Transfer on the Reaction Rate 3.8 Use of Kinetic Expressions in Full Cells 3.9 Current Efficiency Chapter 4: Transport 4.1 Fick’s Law 4.2 Nernst–Planck Equation 4.3 Conservation of Material 4.4 Transference Numbers, Mobilities, and Migration 4.5 Convective Mass Transfer 4.6 Concentration Overpotential 4.7 Current Distribution 4.8 Membrane Transport Chapter 5: Electrode Structures and Configurations 5.1 Mathematical Description of Porous Electrodes 5.2 Characterization of Porous Electrodes 5.3 Impact of Porous Electrode on Transport 5.4 Current Distributions in Porous Electrodes 5.5 The Gas–Liquid Interface in Porous Electrodes 5.6 Three-Phase Electrodes 5.7 Electrodes with Flow Chapter 6: Electroanalytical Techniques and Analysis of Electrochemical Systems 6.1 Electrochemical Cells, Instrumentation, and Some Practical Issues 6.2 Overview 6.3 Step Change in Potential or Current for a Semi-Infinite Planar Electrode in a Stagnant Electrolyte 6.4 Electrode Kinetics and Double-Layer Charging 6.5 Cyclic Voltammetry 6.6 Stripping Analyses 6.7 Electrochemical Impedance 6.8 Rotating Disk Electrodes 6.9 iR Compensation 6.10 Microelectrodes Chapter 7: Battery Fundamentals 7.1 Components of a Cell 7.2 Classification of Batteries and Cell Chemistries 7.3 Theoretical Capacity and State of Charge 7.4 Cell Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance 7.5 Ragone Plots 7.6 Heat Generation 7.7 Efficiency of Secondary Cells 7.8 Charge Retention and Self-Discharge 7.9 Capacity Fade in Secondary Cells Chapter 8: Battery Applications: Cell and Battery Pack Design 8.1 Introduction to Battery Design 8.2 Battery Layout Using a Specific Cell Design 8.3 Scaling of Cells to Adjust Capacity 8.4 Electrode and Cell Design to Achieve Rate Capability 8.5 Cell Construction 8.6 Charging of Batteries 8.7 Use of Resistance to Characterize Battery Peformance 8.8 Battery Management 8.9 Thermal Management Systems 8.10 Mechanical Considerations Chapter 9: Fuel-Cell Fundamentals 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of Fuel Cells 9.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics and Polarizations 9.4 Effect of Operating Conditions and Maximum Power 9.5 Electrode Structure 9.6 Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 9.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Chapter 10: Fuel-Cell Stack and System Design 10.1 Introduction and Overview of Systems Analysis 10.2 Basic Stack Design Concepts 10.3 Cell Stack Configurations 10.4 Basic Construction and Components 10.5 Utilization of Oxidant and Fuel 10.6 Flow-Field Design 10.7 Water and Thermal Management 10.8 Structural–Mechanical Considerations 10.9 Case Study Chapter 11: Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 11.1 Capacitor Introduction 11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance 11.3 Current–Voltage Relationship for Capacitors 11.4 Porous EDLC Electrodes 11.5 Impedance Analysis of EDLCs 11.6 Full Cell EDLC Analysis 11.7 Power and Energy Capabilities 11.8 Cell Design, Practical Operation, and Electrochemical Capacitor Performance 11.9 Pseudo-Capacitance Chapter 12: Energy Storage and Conversion for Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles 12.1 Why Electric and Hybrid-Electric Systems? 12.2 Driving Schedules and Power Demand in Vehicles 12.3 Regenerative Braking 12.4 Battery Electrical Vehicle 12.5 Hybrid Vehicle Architectures 12.6 Start–Stop Hybrid 12.7 Batteries for Full-Hybrid Electric Vehicles 12.8 Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems for Vehicles Appendix: Primer on Vehicle Dynamics Chapter 13: Electrodeposition 13.1 Overview 13.2 Faraday’s Law and Deposit Thickness 13.3 Electrodeposition Fundamentals 13.4 Formation of Stable Nuclei 13.5 Nucleation Rates 13.6 Growth of Nuclei 13.7 Deposit Morphology 13.8 Additives 13.9 Impact of Current Distribution 13.10 Impact of Side Reactions 13.11 Resistive Substrates Chapter 14: Industrial Electrolysis, Electrochemical Reactors, and Redox-Flow Batteries 14.1 Overview of Industrial Electrolysis 14.2 Performance Measures 14.3 Voltage Losses and the Polarization Curve 14.4 Design of Electrochemical Reactors for Industrial Applications 14.5 Examples of Industrial Electrolytic Processes 14.6 Thermal Management and Cell Operation 14.7 Electrolytic Processes for a Sustainable Future 14.8 Redox-Flow Batteries Chapter 15: Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemical Cells 15.1 Semiconductor Basics 15.2 Energy Scales 15.3 Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 15.4 Current Flow in the Dark 15.5 Light Absorption 15.6 Photoelectrochemical Effects 15.7 Open-Circuit Voltage for Illuminated Electrodes 15.8 Photo-Electrochemical Cells Chapter 16: Corrosion 16.1 Corrosion Fundamentals 16.2 Thermodynamics of Corrosion Systems 16.3 Corrosion Rate for Uniform Corrosion 16.4 Localized Corrosion 16.5 Corrosion Protection Appendix A: Electrochemical Reactions and Standard Potentials Appendix B: Fundamental Constants Appendix C: Thermodynamic Data Appendix D: Mechanics of Materials