Minerva Meets Vulcan: Scientifc and Technological Literature – 1450–1750

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Acknowledgements Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Science and Technology 1.2 Practical and Learned Knowledge in the Early Modern Period 1.3 The Book’s Questions and Approach References Chapter 2: Architecture 2.1 Science of Architecture 2.2 Crafts and Codification of Practical Knowledge 2.3 Design I – Buildings Types and Their Decoration 2.4 Design II – Measures and Rules 2.5 Design III – Perspective Drawings and Orthogonal Plans 2.6 Constructive Geometry, Stereotomy and Descriptive Geometry 2.7 Construction and Statics 2.8 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Chemistry 3.1 Literature on Chemistry before 1600 3.2 Literature on Distilling 3.3 Literature on Assaying and Smelting 3.4 The Emergence of Chemical Technology 3.5 Terms and Concepts 3.6 Technology and Theory 3.7 Unnoticed Shifts in Technology 3.8 Irritating Processes and New Understandings 3.9 A New Theory 3.10 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Gunnery 4.1 Warfare in Illuminated Manuscripts 4.2 Gunners’ Manuscripts (Büchsenmeisterbücher) 4.3 Excursus: Manufacturing Guns 4.4 Sixteenth-Century Gunners’ Manuals and Treatises on Gunnery 4.5 Tartaglia 4.6 External Ballistics from Tartaglia to Galileo 4.7 Experimental Ballistics 4.8 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Mechanical Engineering 5.1 Pictorial Documents: Technological Literature? 5.2 The Age of Illuminated Manuscripts 5.3 The Age of Theaters of Machines 5.4 Reasoning on Mechanics 5.5 Machine Science and Early Modern Statics: A Mismatch 5.6 Measurement of Driving Forces I – Men as Driving Force 5.7 Measurement of Driving Forces II –The Beginnings of a Theory of Machines 5.8 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Mining Science 6.1 Mining Science 6.2 Shafts, Galleries, and the Extraction of Minerals 6.3 Mining Machinery 6.4 Mine Surveying (Markscheiden) 6.5 Prospecting Minerals and Rocks 6.6 Teaching in Mining Academies 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Practical Mathematics 7.1 Practical Mathematical Sciences 7.2 Surveying 7.3 Excursus: Books on Mathematics for Practitioners 7.4 Surveying Without Angular Measurement 7.5 Angular Measurement I – Astronomy 7.6 Angular Measurement II – Navigation and Mathematical Geography 7.7 Higher Geodesy 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Epilog 8.1 Mechanics 8.2 Practical Mathematics 8.3 Chemistry 8.4 Architecture and Mining 8.5 Interrelations and Developments References Picture Credits Index