Performance of protective clothing and equipment: innovative solutions to evolving challenges

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THIS COMPILATION OF Selected Technical Papers, STP1624, Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 11th Volume, Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges, contains peer-reviewed papers that were presented at a symposium held June 6-7, 2019, in Denver, CO, USA. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM International Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment. Symposium Chairs and STP Editors: Karen Lehtonen LION Dayton, OH, USA Brian P. Shiels ArcWear Louisville, KY, USA R. Bryan Ormond North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview Relationships between Bench-Scale Measures of After-Flame and Thermal Shrinkage and Fire-Resistant Garment Performance in Fire Manikin Tests R. Barker, J. Ingram, J. Morton-Aslanis, A. Deaton Development of a Standard Testing Procedure for Evaluating Firefighter Protective Hoods on PyroHead Fire Test System N. Carlton, R. Ormond, J. Joines, J. Morton-Aslanis, R. Barker Performance of Seams in Arc-Rated Protective Fabrics during Arc Exposures J. Kirby, H. Hoagland, W. Baitinger The Impact of Soiling, Moisture Content, Abrasion and Ultraviolet Exposure on Near-Infrared Evaluation of In-Use Firefighter Protective Clothing C. Bespflug, D. Torvi, S. Noble, M. Fulton, C. Vanderschaaf, J. Batcheller Assessing the Durability of Firefighter Protective Hoods Following Exposure to Ultraviolet Light A. Kasebi, M. Gaskill, R. Ormond Effects of Bleach and Water Conditions in Laundering of Flame-Resistant and Arc-Rated Clothing Fabrics S. Klausing, J. Kirby, H. Hoagland, W. Baitinger Resistance of Fire Protective Fabrics to Repeated Launderings P. Dolez, Y. Malajati Evaluating the Material-Level Performance of Particulate-Blocking Firefighter Hoods M. McCollum Smith, N. Carlton, R. Ormond Quantitation Limit Validation Methods and Implications for Chemical Permeation Testing of Personal Protective Equipment G. Townsend, K. Perrotti, D. Melaragno Evaluation of Inherently Flame-Resistant Nanofiber Nonwovens in Firefighter Protective Clothing J. Xiang, N. Blankenbeckler Effect of a Lightweight Structural Firefighter Turnout Composite on Physiological Comfort M. McQuerry, M. Morrissey, J. Kisiolek, S. Gipson, M. Ormsbee Effects of Total Heat Loss versus Evaporative Resistance of Firefighter Garments in a Physiological Heat Strain Trial E. DenHartog, X. Fang, A. Deaton Effectiveness of Using a Thermal Sweating Manikin Coupled with a Thermoregulation Model to Predict Human Physiological Response to Different Firefighter Turnout Suits A. Deaton, K. Watson, E. DenHartog, R. Barker Methods to Determine Drying Time of Wet Clothing Using a Thermal Manikin T. Rioux, W. Santee, X. Xu The Tomodynamometer and You: Challenges in Cut-Resistance Testing A. Funk Building a Better Jungle Combat Boot for Soldiers C. Robinson, B. Coursey, A. Forster, M. Riley, J. Stull, B. Ells, A. Adams, M. Mensah Women s Leather Protective Work Wear Gloves: A Comparative Pilot Study between Three-Dimensional Hand Scans, Product Specifications, and Sizing S. Sokolowski, L. Griffin Cover Title Page Copyright Page Foreword Contents Overview Relationships between Bench-Scale Measures of After-Flame and Thermal Shrinkage and Fire-Resistant Garment Performance in Fire Manikin Tests Introduction PREDICTING AFTER-FLAME IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS MEASURING AFTER-FLAME IN BENCH-SCALE FLAMMABILITY TESTS CORRELATION OF BENCH-SCALE AFTER-FLAME WITH AFTER-FLAME IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS PREDICTING THERMAL SHRINKAGE IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS MEASURING THERMAL SHRINKAGE IN BENCH-SCALE TESTS MEASURING THERMAL SHRINKAGE IN THERMAL PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE TESTS MEASURING GARMENT SHRINKAGE IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS BENCH-SCALE THERMAL SHRINKAGE AND GARMENT SHRINKAGE IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS Experimental Methods EVALUATING AFTER-FLAME AND HEAT RELEASED IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS GARMENT SHRINKAGE IN FIRE MANIKIN TESTS Test Materials ARAMIDS POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE MODACRYLIC BLENDS FR COTTON FR LAMINATES Experimental Approach BENCH-SCALE TEST FOR AFTER-FLAME BENCH-SCALE TEST FOR THERMAL SHRINKAGE FIRE MANIKIN TEST Results and Discussion EVALUATION OF AFTER-FLAME RESULTS EVALUATION OF GARMENT SHRINKAGE RESULTS Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Development of a Standard Testing Procedure for Evaluating Firefighter Protective Hoods on PyroHead Fire Test System Introduction Materials and Methods MATERIALS METHODS Results and Discussion DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL EXPOSURE DURATION Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Performance of Seams in Arc-Rated Protective Fabrics during Arc Exposures Introduction Seam Construction in Panels for Arc Exposure Results Discussion and Conclusions Future Investigations Bibliography The Impact of Soiling, Moisture Content, Abrasion and Ultraviolet Exposure on Near-Infrared Evaluation of In-Use Firefighter Protective Clothing Introduction Materials and Methods SOILING EXPERIMENTS MOISTURE EXPERIMENTS ABRASION EXPERIMENTS UV EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS Results and Discussion SOILING EXPERIMENTS MOISTURE EXPERIMENTS ABRASION EXPERIMENTS UV EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Assessing the Durability of Firefighter Protective Hoods Following Exposure to Ultraviolet Light Introduction Materials and Methods MATERIALS EXPOSURE AND EVALUATION METHODS Results and Discussion OBSERVATIONS FROM MODIFIED UV EXPOSURE METHOD EFFECT OF UV EXPOSURES ON MATERIAL BURST STRENGTH EFFECT OF UV EXPOSURES ON PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Effects of Bleach and Water Conditions in Laundering of Flame-Resistant and Arc-Rated Clothing Fabrics Introduction METHODOLOGY PHASES I AND II- SOFT WATER TEST RESULTS SUMMARY PHASE III TEST RESULTS FABRIC WEIGHT SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Resistance of Fire Protective Fabrics to Repeated Launderings Introduction Experimental MATERIALS METHODS Results and Discussion CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Evaluating the Material-Level Performance of Particulate-Blocking Firefighter Hoods Introduction Materials and Composites Description of Test Methods ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL HEAT LOSS ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE-BLOCKING EFFICIENCY Results and Discussion EFFECT OF LAYERING ON PERFORMANCE OF TRADITIONAL KNIT HOOD COMPOSITES (SET A) RESULTS OF PARTICULATE-BLOCKING COMPOSITES (SET B) RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE METRICS Conclusions FutureWork ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Quantitation Limit Validation Methods and Implications for Chemical Permeation Testing of Personal Protective Equipment Introduction Theoretical Considerations CALIBRATION AND LINEAR REGRESSION HYPOTHESIS TESTING Materials and Methods STANDARDS AND REAGENTS INSTRUMENT AND TEST CONDITIONS STATISTICAL APPLICATION Results and Discussion SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO CALIBRATION CURVE MINIMUM STANDARD DEVIATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE BLANK CONFIDENCE INTERVAL METHOD HUBAUX-VOS METHOD RESULT SUMMARY Conclusion References Evaluation of Inherently Flame-Resistant Nanofiber Nonwovens in Firefighter Protective Clothing Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF NNS EFFECTS OF NNS ON THERMAL AND COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN A THERMAL LINER AND GEAR COMPOSITE EFFECTS OF USING NNS AS A SMOKE PARTICLE BARRIER IN FIREFIGHTER HOODS Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Effect of a Lightweight Structural Firefighter Turnout Composite on Physiological Comfort Introduction MATERIAL AND DESIGN INNOVATIONS FOR HEAT STRESS REDUCTION FABRIC AND GARMENT WEIGHT Methodology PARTICIPANTS TEST ENSEMBLES PROCEDURES MEASUREMENTS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Results WORK TIME HEART RATE CORE TEMPERATURE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRAIN INDEX SKIN TEMPERATURE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION BODY WEIGHT LOSS AND ENSEMBLE WEIGHT GAIN SUBJECTIVE COMFORT PERCEPTIONS Discussion Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Effects of Total Heat Loss versus Evaporative Resistance of Firefighter Garments in a Physiological Heat Strain Trial Introduction Materials and Methods TEST SUBJECTS TEST PROTOCOL Results SURVIVAL TIME ANALYSIS PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS WHO HIT CUTOFF CRITERIA WEIGHT Discussion Conclusions References Effectiveness of Using a Thermal Sweating Manikin Coupled with a Thermoregulation Model to Predict Human Physiological Response to Different Firefighter Turnout Suits Introduction Method and Materials Results MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURE CORE TEMPERATURE SWEAT RATES HEART RATE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT Discussion Conclusion References Methods to Determine Drying Time of Wet Clothing Using a Thermal Manikin Introduction Methods EXTERNAL MOISTURE SOURCE: METHOD E INTERNAL MOISTURE SOURCE: METHOD I DETERMINATION OF DRYING TIME Results METHOD E METHOD I Discussion Conclusion Disclosure Statement References The Tomodynamometer and You: Challenges in Cut-Resistance Testing Introduction Standards Challenges in Calibration NEOPRENE CALIBRATION RESULTS Challenges in Consumables NEOPRENE BLADES BEAM-BALANCING CALIBRATION Challenges in Consistency TEXTILE BEHAVIOR FALSE CUTS Potential Solutions LOAD CELL CALIBRATION COVER CLAMP NEW CALIBRATION MATERIAL EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTIONS Conclusions References Building a Better Jungle Combat Boot for Soldiers Introduction BIOMECHANICS AND INJURY REDUCTION Boot Construction UPPER MATERIALS WHOLE-BOOT MOISTURE MANAGEMENT Preliminary Testing and Results WHOLE-BOOT TESTING MATERIALS TESTING Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Women’s Leather Protective Work Wear Gloves: A Comparative Pilot Study between Three-Dimensional Hand Scans, Product Specifications, and Sizing3 Introduction Background and Literature Review DEFINITION OF LEATHER WORK WEAR GLOVES LEATHER WORK WEAR GLOVE USE LEATHER WORK WEAR GLOVE PERFORMANCE NEEDS GLOVES AND SAFETY FOR WOMEN’S HAND PPE 3D ANTHROPOMETRIC HAND DATA OF NONMILITARY WOMEN KEY U.S. LEATHER WORK WEAR GLOVE BRANDS STATE-OF-THE-ART U.S. GLOVE SIZING CHARTS Experimental Procedures 3D Hand Scanning Method GLOVE SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION MEASUREMENT DEFINITIONS HAND AND GLOVE MEASUREMENTS EASE MEASUREMENT ASSUMPTIONS Results SUBJECTS HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS GLOVE SPECIFICATION MEASUREMENTS PALM CIRCUMFERENCE VERSUS GLOVE SIZE SELECTION HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES VERSUS GLOVE SPECIFICATION MEASURES: USING THE WELLS LAMONT SIZE CHART SECONDARY ANALYSIS AND EASE MEASUREMENTS SIZE INTERVAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON 9G AND 9H HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES VERSUS GLOVE SPECIFICATION MEASURES: NOT USING THE WELLS LAMONT SIZE CHART Discussion and Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References Back Cover