Networking Argument

Description

This edited volume presents selected works from the 20th Biennial Alta Argumentation Conference, sponsored by the National Communication Association and the American Forensics Association and held in 2017. The conference brought together scholars from Europe, Asia, and North America to engage in intensive conversations about how argument functions in our increasingly networked society. The essays discuss four aspects of networked argument. Some examine arguments occurring in online networks, seeking to both understand and respond more effectively to the acute changes underway in the information age. Others focus on offline networks to identify historical and contemporary resources available to advocates in the modern day. Still others discuss the value-added of including argumentation scholars on interdisciplinary research teams analyzing a diverse range of subjects, including science, education, health, law, economics, history, security, and media. Finally, the remainder network argumentation theories explore how the interactions between and among existing theories offer fruitful ground for new insights for the field of argumentation studies. The wide range of disciplinary backgrounds and methodological approaches employed in Networking Argument make this volume a unique compilation of perspectives for understanding urgent and sustaining issues facing our society. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Notes on Contributors Acknowledgments Networking Argument: An Introduction Keynote Address 1. Disavowing Networks, Affirming Networks: Neoliberalism and Its Challenge to Democratic Deliberation Argument’s Familiar Subject and Its Relationships Reconceptualizing the Familiar Argument Subject Through a Multiple Public Sphere A Neoliberal Public and Its Subjects How Argument Subjects and Deliberative Publics May Respond to Neoliberal Publics Notes References PART I: Spotlighted Theories and Practices of Networking Argument 2. Substance: An Exploration of the State of Argument in the Post-Fact Era Perspective on the Problem: History and Theory A Framework for Inquiry: Argumentative Ecology Rethinking Argument An Agenda References 3. Ideology, Argument, and the Post-Truth Panic Toward a Rhetorical Realism References 4. A Materialist Perspective on Argument Networks as Contentious Politics Argument Networks Indivisible as an Argument Network References 5. More Disingenuous Controversy: Hashtags, Chants, and an Election Tweets, Soundbites, Hashtags, and Chants Mootness Standing Failure to Narrow Issues Limits of Justiciability Conclusion References 6. How Technoliberals Argue Strategies of Effacement Strategies of Code-ification How We Argue Back References 7. Network Matters: Black Lives and Blue Lives Advocacy in On and Offline Settings Making Lives Matter Recasting the Conflict Fragile Threads Fray References 8. Networked Public Argument as Terrain for Statecraft Characteristics of Networked Argument Networked Argument as Tool of Statecraft Lessons Learned for Conducting Public Diplomacy Some Preliminary Conclusions Note References PART II: Strategic Use of Definition in Networked Argument 9. Ideological Conservatism vs. Faux Populism in Donald Trump’s Inaugural Address Conservatism? Populism? Conclusion Notes References 10. Populists Argue, but Populism Is Not an Argumentation (And Why the Distinction Matters for Argumentation Theory) Populism Is Indifferent to (And Often Hostile To) Deliberation Populism Is a Monism Populism’s Appeal Is Visceral and Affective, Not Propositional Conclusion References 11. Contrasting Ideological Networks: Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump Reagan’s Symbolic Network Dystopian Populism, the Strong “Man,” and Magical Thinking Conclusion Notes References 12. The Cyber Imperative: Ligatures as Ordering Devices Connection and Subordination The Accelerating Cyber Imperative Producing the Digital Citizen Conclusion References 13. The Agentic Earth Topos: Figuring a Violent Earth at the End of the Anthropocene Imagining a Violent, Agentic Earth Conceiving an Un-Rhetorical Earth: Laughlin’s “What the Earth Knows” Transcending the Subject-Object Split References 14. What Makes a Woman a Woman?: The I.O.C.’s Deliberation over Sex in International Sport A Brief History of Chromosomes in International Sport The I.O.C.’s Rationale for Chromosomal Testing Reaction to the Barr Body Exam Conclusion References 15. The Discursive Construction of the Anti-Nuclear Activist Strategic maneuvering, internal rhetoric, and technoscientific reasoning Analysis Implications References 16. The Visible and the Invisible: Arguing about Threats to Loyalty in the Internet Age The Nature of Loyalty as a Civic Virtue Invisibility and the Argument for the Terrorism Exception Conclusion References 17. When Do Perpetrators Count: A Longitudinal Analysis of News Definitions of Deceased Mass Shooters Defining the American Gun Debate Method Results and Analysis Discussion Conclusion References 18. Defining “Birth Rape”: Networked Argument Resources for Mothers’ Advocacy Novel Terms as Argument Defining Birth Rape Resisting Birth Rape Conclusion References 19. When They Found Her: Networked Argument and Contested Memory Networked Argument and Contested Memory Social and Collective Memories of a Crime Conclusion Note References PART III: Strategic Use of Association and Dissociation in Networked Argument 20. Reading Freaks: Trump in an Analogical Hermeneutic Network In Defense of the Analogy Analogizing Trump and Barnum Analogizing Trump and the Postcolonial Autocrat Conclusion References 21. Petitioning a Mormon God: Analogical Argument as a Means of Revelation in the Ordain Women Movement Visions and Visual Analogies Photographs and Thought Exercises Entering Male Spaces Responding to the Analogy Conclusion References 22. Extinguished Dissent: Norman Morrison’s Self-immolation as Argument by Sacrifice The Rhetoric of Self-Immolation Self-immolation as Argument by Sacrifice American Rejection of Morrison’s Sacrifice Conclusion References 23. Timescape 9/11: Networked Memories An Embodied, Ecological Argument Network as Objective Force Conclusion References 24. Analogy and Argument in the Rhetoric of Science The Polis and the Colony Networked Metaphor and the Politics of Difference References 25. Specification, Dissociation, and Voting Rights in the United States Specification Dissociation, Specification, and the Right to Vote Conclusion Note References 26. Hispanic Politicians on the Rise: Argumentation Strategies of Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio The Rise of the Hispanic Voter Identification and Narrative Cruz and Rubio’s American Dream Cruz and Rubio’s Invocation of Hispanic Culture Conclusion References 27. Escaping the “Broken Middle”: Establishing Argumentative Presence within Association and Disassociation The Broken Middle American Jews in the Broken Middle Toward Argumentation Scholarship References 28. Challenges of Networked Circulation within Advocacy Campaigns Visual Argument and Fatness Ideology Strategies for Campaigns Background of the Two Campaigns Mirror/Matching Strategies, Dissociation, and Enthymemes Conclusion References 29. Accumulating Affect and Visual Argument: The Case of the 2015 Japanese Hostage Crisis Birdsell and Groarke’s Three Kinds of Context Visibility and Affective Capacities in Participatory Visual Culture Immediate Visual Context: Face as Argument Frame Immediate Verbal Context: “I am Kenji” As Metaphor Conclusion References 30. Analyzing Public Diplomacy for Japan-U.S. Reconciliation Rhetorical Constraints Strategic Maneuvering in Public Diplomacy Conclusion and Consequences References PART IV: Strategic Use of Authority in Networked Arguments 31. Challenging a Culture of Secrecy: Investigating the Emergence of Antenarrative Storytelling in Community Responses to the Hanford Nuclear Reservation Rhetoric of Mapping The Emerging Farmer Expertise Mapping Illness Prospective Sense-making and Local Expertise References 32. The Visual Depiction of Statehood in Daesh’s Dabiq Magazine and al-Naba’ Newsletter International Norms of Statehood Dabiq Magazine’s Visual Depiction of Statehood Al-Naba’ Newsletter’s Visual Depiction of Statehood A Segmented Visual Campaign References 33. Networked Argumentation via Collective Rhetorics at the Women’s March on the Utah State Capitol and the Women’s March on Washington Collective Rhetorics in Protest Argument Results and Discussion Conclusion References 34. Climate Change Argumentation: Subnational Networks, Interest Convergence, and Multiple Publics Dewey’s Conception of Publics Transnational Networks of Argumentation Transnational Networks and Climate Change Concluding Thoughts: Transnational Networks and Neoliberalism References 35. Networking, Circulation, and Publicity of Climate Change Discourses and Arguments: An Examination of Leonardo Dicaprio’s Climate Change Advocacy Celebrity Culture in Argument Attention, Public Deliberation, and Audiences Networking Expertise Affect as Argument: After Data Mode Conclusion References 36. Arguments for Women’s Banks and the Possibilities and Limits of Corporate Structural Mimesis as Private-Public Argument Networks Made of the People and for the People: How Big Data Presumptions Made the ECOA and Women’s Banks Work at Cross-Purposes for Equality and Freedom Answerable to the People: Entrepreneurial Wonder Women Financiers Undermine Gendered Economic Solidarity When It Comes to Banking and Credit, Networked Women Need to Be Nastier References 37. Administrative Arguments and Network Governance: The Case of Women’s Health Administrative Rhetoric Administrative Argument and the Network Governance of Women’s Health References 38. Networks of Violence: Converging Representations of the Eric Garner Lynching Context and Historical Framing The Lynching of Eric Garner Conclusion References 39. Performing Hegemonic Masculinity: Trump’s Framing of U.S. Foreign Policy Argument by Definition and Hegemonic Masculinity Trump’s Defining of Foreign Policy Performing Hegemonic Masculinity Implications References 40. Argument and the Foundations of Social Networks: Affective Argument and Popular American History David Barton’s Historical World Barton’s Reflection of Christianity’s Sola Scriptura Conclusion References 41. Data Cannot Speak for Themselves: Unreasonable Claims within the Big Social Data Community The Toulmin Model and Big Social Data Example Case from the ASONAM Conference Conclusion References 42. Scientific Argument Networks and the Polytechtonic Art of Rhetoric Basic Theoretical Elements Networked Social Systems Polytechtonic (R)evolution References PART V: Argument Circulation in Online Networks 43. Arguments of a New Virtual Religion: How Athenism “Clicks” New Members and Reimagines the Mind-Body Dualism Introducing Athenism Valuing Mind over Body Reclaiming the Body Conclusion References 44. “Nasty Women”: “Dialectical Controversy,” Argumentum Ad Personam, and Aggressive Rebuttals Dialectical Controversies and the 2016 Presidential Campaign Rethinking Dialectical Controversy References 45. The Rage Network: Form, Affective Arguments, and Toxic Masculinity in Digital Space Rage Media and Argumentative Form Affect Generators References 46. Polemic Platforms and the “Woman Card”: Trumping Truth with Enthymemes in the Twitterverse #1 Playing the Woman Card #2 The Man in Charge #3 Women Lie Trumping with Enthymeme References 47. Following Affective Winds Over Panmediated Networks: Image-Drive Activism in Chengdu, China Panmediated Networks, Affective Winds, and Force Majeure Wild Public Networks of Protest in Chengdu Force Majeure Conclusion References 48. Je (Ne) Suis…: Exploring the Performative Contradiction in Anti-Clicktivism Arguments Activism in Digital Culture The Case of the Terrorist Attacks in Paris and Brussels Conclusion References 49. Memes as Commonplace: Ted Cruz, Serial Killers, and the Making of Networked Multitudes Memes in the 2016 Presidential Primaries Commonplace Memes Commonplaces and Networked Multitudes Conclusion References 50. Critical Deliberation Under Fire: Milblogging, Free Speech, and the “Soldiers’ Protocol to Enable Active Communication Act” Milblogs and the Complexities of Free Expression Argumentative Antagonisms in the Public Debate(s) over Milblogs Balancing Speech and Security Conclusion References 51. Embedded Argumentation in Digital Media Networks: On “Native” Advertising Native Advertisements as Networked Argumentation Integrated Content or Colonization of the Lifeworld Analysis of Native Advertisements in Practice The Corporate Colonization of Argument References 52. Too Srat to Care: Participatory Culture and the Information Economy of Total Sorority Move Content Curation Promoted Content #ActualSororityMoves Concluding Thoughts References 53. Social Physics and the Moral Economy of Spreadable Media: An Integrated Model for Communication Networking Social Physics and Spreadable Media People Power Influence Conclusion References PART VI: Argument Circulation in Offline Networks 54. Networks of Argument and Relationality in the Contemporary Use of Auschwitz Numbers in the New England Holocaust Memorial The NEHM as Network of Memory Contemporary Uses of Holocaust Numbers in the NEHM Conclusion References 55. Networked Reconciliation Reconciliation The Witness Blanket Networked Reconciliation References 56. To Tell Our Own Truths: Settler Postcolonialism as an Antecedent to Native American Argumentation Studies Space, Place, and Bodies as Networked Argument Settler Postcolonialism as Antecedent to Studies in Native American Argumentation The Landing Settler Postcolonialism or To Tell Our Own Truths References 57. Rhetorical Rumors: Hauntology in International Feminicidio Discourse Hauntology Ovid’s Metamorphoses Recontextualizing Feminicidio Castrillón: Preguntas sin Respuestas Castrillón’s Conclusion: More Alone than Ever Note References 58. Networked Memories: Remembering Barbara Jordan in 21st Century Immigration Debates Barbara Jordan’s Commission on Immigration Reform Jordan Re-Emerges Legacies and Networked Public Argument Note References 59. Remembering Roosevelt: Arguing for Memory Through Public and Private Networks Consanguinity, Citizen Actors, Responsible Networks Public Networks of Historical Memory References 60. Appearance Trumps Substance: The Enduring Legacy of the Great Debate of September 26, 1960 Contemporary Lessons from the Kennedy-Nixon Debate Politics as Game Appearance Trumps Substance Networking Legacies of the Great Debate: Reflections of Declining Civic Trust References 61. “Morning in America”: Ronald Reagan’s Legacy of Population as Argument Populist Argument Life of Population as Truth of the Market “It’s Morning in America” Conclusion References 62. Networking Legal Arguments: Prudential Accommodation in National Federation v. Sebelius Prudential Accommodation Roberts’ Prudential Networking Conclusion Note References PART VII: Evaluating Argumentation Networks 63. Rising to the Defense of Ad Hominem Arguments References 64. The Fallacy of Sweeping Generalization The Fallacy of Sweeping Generalization Skepticism about the Fallacy of Sweeping Generalization The Argument for Skepticism: The “Even Though” Form The Argument for Skepticism: The Basic Form The Argument for Skepticism: The Dilemma Conclusion Note References 65. Exhortation in Interpersonal Discussion The Pragmatics of Exhorting Method Interpersonal Construct Differentiation Message Elicitation Task and Coding Message Planning Task and Measure Results Discussion References 66. Writing about Serial Arguments: The Effects of Manipulating Argument Perspective Expressive Writing and Conflict Method Results Discussion References 67. Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness Are Two Things Apiece Opposites: The Original Case for Subtractions Cross-National Data Discussion References 68. Is Fact-checking Biased? A Computerized Content Analysis Linguistic Markers of Bias in the Media Method Results Discussion References 69. Building Arguments and Attending to Face in Small Claims Court: Distinctive Features of the Genre Previous Studies of Small Claims Courts Data and Approach Argumentative Features of Small Claims Discourse Judge Designed Occasions Strongly Shape Litigants Arguments Small Claims Disputes Should Be Arguments about Money—Not Relationships Litigants Describe Actions for Other-oriented Face Attack and Self-oriented Face Enhancement Attorney Speech Appears Less Intentionally Hostile than Litigant Speech Implications References 70. Argumentation as a Practical Discipline Argumentation as Theoria, Poiesis, and Praxis Grounded Practical Theory: A Methodology for Practical Discipline Exemplary GPT Studies in Argumentation Conclusion: Practical Discipline in the Network of Argumentation Studies References 71. Networks, Norms, and the Problem of Capable Arguers Latour’s Networks: Things, Epistemologies, and Dialectics Argumentation as a Practice of Democratic Ethics Are Networks and Dialectics Complementary or Adversarial? References 72. The Micropolitics of Control: Fascism, Desire, and Argument in President Trump’s America Locating Fascistic Desire in Argumentation: A Denial of the Other Executive Orders & Fascistic Desires: From Theory to Case Study From Micro-Desires to Assemblages: Networked Fascism References PART VIII: Evaluating Debating Networks 73. Networking Debate and Civic Engagement: Measuring the Impact of High School Debate Camps Civic Engagement, Youth, and Debate Study Scope Measure Results Discussion References 74. Designing Public Debates to Facilitate Dynamic Updating in a Network Society Public Debate Juxtaposition The Woodward Audience Shift Ballot Focused Audience Polling Twitter and Dynamic Updating Conclusion References 75. Community-Based Participatory Debate: A Synthesis of Debate Pedagogy, Practice, and Research Debate-Community Partnerships: Expanding the Conversation Community-Based Participatory Debate: Multidirectional Learning and Discovery Conclusion References 76. Text, Talk, Argue: How to Improve Text-Driven Political Conversations Facilitating Text, Talk, Vote Observations of Text-Driven Argumentation Power is in the Hands of the Beholder Hyperlinked Argumentation Humor as a Gateway to Argument The Usefulness of Text, Talk, Vote Conclusion References 77. Gender Diversity in Debate in Japan: An Examination of Debate Competitions at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels Growth and Diversification of Competitive Debate in Japan Method of Analysis Findings and Discussion Conclusion References 78. Conceptualizing Academic Debate in Japan: A Study of Judging Philosophy Statements History of English-language Debate Community in Japan Judging Philosophy Statements in 2017 Language Selection Defining Debate Implications References 79. Big in Japan?: A Note on the Japanese Reception of American Policy Debate The Bunken Prolif Conclusion References 80. Evolutions and Devolutions in Practice: Theory Arguments in Recent English-speaking College Policy Debate in Japan Counterplans and Topicality Theory Regional Distinctions within Japanese Debate Communities Bridging to and within the Galapagos Islands References 81. Notes on the Humor of Translation: American Policy Debate Theory and Comic Translations References