A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language(书签版)

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Preface Contents Chapter 1 The English language 1.1-1.11 The English language today 1.12-1.18 Grammar and the study of language 1.19-1.41 Varieties of English 1.42 Acceptability and frequency Bibliographical note Chapter 2 A survey of English grammar 2.1-2.2 This chapter and its relation to later chapters 2.3-2.10 Parts of the sentence 2.11 Sentences 2.12 Form and function 2.13-2.24 Clause structure 2.25-2.33 Phrases 2.34-2.45 Word classes 2.46-2.59 Variations on the basic sentence patterns 2.60-2.62 Gradience and multiple analysis Bibliographical note Chapter 3 Verbs and auxiliaries 3.1 Major verb classes 3.2-3.20 Full verbs 3.21-3.30 Verbs in auxiliary function 3.31-3.38 The primary verb BE, HAVE, and DO 3.39 Modal auxiliaries 3.40-3.51 Verbs of intermediate function 3.52-3.57 The structure of verb phrases 3.58-3.62 The subjective mood 3.63-3.78 Active and passive voice Bibliographical note Chapter 4 The semantics of the verb phrase 4.1 Introduction 4.2-4.16 Time, tense and the verb 4.17 Perfective and progressive aspects 4.18-4.24 Perfective aspect 4.25-4.37 Progressive aspect 4.38-4.40 Perfective progressive 4.41-4.48 Some means of expressing future time 4.49-4.65 Meanings of the modal verbs 4.66 The meanings of marginal auxiliaries 4.67-4.68 Meaning in the nonfinite verb phrase Bibliographical note Chapter 5 Nouns and determiners 5.1 Types of nouns phrase 5.2-5.9 Noun classes : count, noncount, and proper nouns 5.10-5.25 Determinatives 5.26-5.51 The use of articles with common nouns 5.52-5.59 The articles in generic reference 5.60-5.72 Proper nouns 5.73-5.103 Number 5.104-5.111 Gender 5.112-5.126 Case Bibliographical note Chapter 6 Pronouns and numerals 6.1-6.62 Pronouns 6.1 Introduction 6.2-6.5 Case 6.6-6.7 Person 6.8-6.10 Gender 6.11-6.12 Number 6.13 Subclasses of pronouns 6.14 Central pronouns 6.15-6.22 Personal pronouns 6.23-6.28 Reflexive pronouns 6.29-6.30 Possessive pronouns 6.31 Reciprocal pronouns 6.32-6.35 Relative pronouns 6.36-6.39 Interrogative pronouns 6.40-6.44 Demonstrative pronouns 6.45-6.48 Indefinite pronouns 6.49-6.51 Universal pronouns 6.52-6.58 Assertive pronouns 6.59-6.61 Nonassertive pronouns 6.62 Negative pronouns 6.63-6.69 Numerals 6.63-6.64 Cardinal and ordinal numerals 6.65 Hundred, thousand, million 6.66 Dates 6.67 Fractions 6.68 Mathematical symbols 6.69 Currency statements Bibliographical note Chapter 7 Adjectives and adverbs 7.1-7.19 Characteristics of the adjective 7.20-7.30 Syntactic functions of adjectives 7.31-7.39 Syntactive subclassification of adjectives 7.40-7.44 Semantic subclassification of adjectives 7.45 Ordering of adjectives in premodification 7.46-7.47 Characteristics of the adverb 7.48-7.49 Adverb as clause element 7.50 Adverb as modifier 7.51-7.55 The adverb and other word classes 7.56-7.70 Syntactic functions of adverbs 7.71-7.73 Correspondence between adjective and adverb 7.74-7.86 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 7.87-7.90 Intensification Bibliographical note Chapter 8 The semantics and grammar of adverbials 8.1 Introduction 8.2-8.10 Outline of semantic roles 8.11-8.12 Multiple occurrence 8.13 Realization 8.14-8.23 Position 8.24 Grammatical functions 8.39-8.147 Grammatical Realization of Semantic Roles 8.25-8.87 Adjucts 8.39-8.50 Adjuncts of space 8.51-8.77 Adjunts of time 8.78-8.84 Process adjunts 8.88-8.120 Subjuncts 8.121-8.133 Disjuncts 8.134-8.147 Conjuncts 8.148-8.153 Adverbials in conspectus Bibliographical note Chapter 9 Prepositions and prepositional phrases 9.1-9.6 Introduction 9.7-9.13 Simple and complex prepositions 9.14-9.59 Prepositional meanings 9.15-9.32 Prepositions denoting spatial relations 9.15 Dimension 9.16-9.17 Positive position and destination : at, to, on, onto, in, into 9.18 Source oe negative position : away from, off, out of 9.19 Realative position : over, under, etc 9.60-9.63 Prepositional phrases used chiefly in complementation of verbs and adjectives 9.64 Modification of prepositional phrases 9.65-9.66 Prepositions and prepositional adverbs Bibliographical note Chapter 10 The simple sentence 10.1-10.4 Clause patterns 10.5-10.16 Syntactic functions of clause elements 10.6 Subject 10.7 Object : direct and indirect 10.8 Complement : Subject and object 10.9-10.10 Adverbial 10.11-10.16 Gradience and multiple analysis 10.17 Order of clause elements 10.18-10.33 Syntactic roles of clause elements 10.34-10.45 Subject-verb concord 10.46-10.50 Other types of concord 10.51 Semantic restrictions 10.52-10.53 Vocatives 10.54-10.70 Negation Bibliographical note Chapter 11 Sentence types and discourse functions 11.1-11.3 Sentences types 11.4-11.23 Quretions 11.24-11.30 Directives 11.31-11.32 Exclamatives 11.33-11.37 Echo utterances 11.38-11.52 Irregular sentences 11.53-11.55 Nonsentences Bibliographical note Chapter 12 Pro-forms and ellipsis 12.1 Introduction 12.2-12.7 Reduction and coordination 12.8-12.13 Pro-form substitution 12.14-12.20 Substitution for noun phrases and their constituents 12.21.12.30 Substitution for clauses and clause constituents 12.31-12.38 Ellipsis 12.39-12.40 Ellipsis and substituents 12.41-12.44 The classidication of ellipsis 12.45-12.52 Categories of ellipsis : recoverability 12.53-12.70 Categories of ellipsis : function Bibliographical note Chapter 13 Coordination 13.1 Syndetic and asyndetic coordination 13.2-13.4 Coordination and subordination 13.5-21 Coordinators 13.22-13.32 The use of coordinators 13.22-13.27 The uses of and 13.28-13.30 The uses of or 13.31 And in relation to or 13.32 The use of but 13.33-13.42 Correlatives 13.43-13.49 Coordination of clause constituents 13.50-13.84 Types of simple coordination 13.85-13.89 Additional constraints on coordination 13.90-13.97 Less common types of coordination 13.98-13.102 Idiomatic and expressive uses of coordination 13.103 Quasi-coordinators 13.104 Abbreviations for coordination Bibliographical note Chapter 14 The complex sentence 14.1-14.4 Coordination and subordination 14.5-14.9 Finite, nonfinite, and verbless clauses 14.10-14.20 Formal indicators of subordination 14.21-14.27 The verb phrase in subordinate clauses 14.28-14.35 Reportiong the language of others 14.36 Transferred negation 14.37-14.41 Sentence complexity and comprehensibility Bibliographical note Chapter 15 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses 15.1-15.2 Syntactic functions of subordinate clauses 15.3-15.16 Nominala clauses 15.17-15.23 Syntactic functions of adverbial clauses 15.24-15.56 Semantic roles of adverbial clauses 15.57 Sentenial relative clauses 15.58-15.62 Nonfinite and verbless adverbial clauses 15.63-15.75 Comparative clauses Bibliographical note Chapter 16 Complementation of verbs and adjectives 16.1 Introoduction 16.2-16.17 Multi-word verbs 16.18-16.19 Verbs in relation to verb complementation 16.20-16.67 Types of verb complementation 16.68-16.83 Adjective complementation 16.84-16.85 Complementation of abstract nouns Bibliographical note Chapter 17 The noun phrase 17.1-17.8 Introduction 17.9-17.27 Postmodification by finite clauses 17.28-17.36 Postmodification by nonfinite clauses 17.37-17.50 Postmodification by prepositional phrases 17.51-17.54 Nominalization 17.55-17.60 Minor types of postmodification 17.61-17.64 Multiple postmodification 17.65-17.93 Apposition 17.94-17.120 Premodification 17.121-122 Special relations between heads and modifiers 17.123-17.124 Conclusion Bibliographical note Chapter 18 Theme, focus, and information processing 18.1 Introduction Bibliographical note Chapter 19 From sentence to text Bibliographical note Appendix I Word-formation Appendix II Stress, rhythm, and intonation Appendix III Punctuation Bibliography Index